Research Article |
Keld Gregersen‡, Ole Karsholt§
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Corresponding author: Ole Karsholt ( okarsholt@snm.ku.dk ) Academic editor: Lauri Kaila
© 2017 Keld Gregersen, Ole Karsholt.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Gregersen K, Karsholt O (2017) Taxonomic confusion around the Peach Twig Borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, 1839, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 40(1): 65-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.40.11184
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Abstract
A new species of Gelechiidae is described as Anarsia innoxiella sp. n., based on differences in morphology and biology. It is closely related to and has hitherto been confused with the Peach Twig Borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, 1839. Whereas larvae of the latter feed on – and are known to be a pest of – Prunus species (Rosaceae), the larva of A. innoxiella feeds on Acer species (Sapindaceae). All known synonyms of A. lineatella are discussed in detail, including Anarsia lineatella subsp. heratella Amsel, 1967, from Afghanistan and A. lineatella subsp. tauricella Amsel, 1967, from Turkey. Our study has shown no evidence for changing the present taxonomic status of these two taxa. We discuss also the status of the genus Ananarsia Amsel, 1957. The new species A. innoxiella is widely distributed in Europe and is often found in the same areas as A. lineatella, but the latter species does not occur naturally in northern Europe. A. innoxiella seems not to be of economic importance. We propose, in line with the provisions of Article 23.9 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, suppression of the priority of Tinea pullatella Hübner, 1796, nomen oblitum, over Anarsia lineatella Zeller, 1839, nomen protectum. An appendix with references on the prevailing use of the latter species is included.
Introduction
The peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella, was described in 1839 by Zeller and has since been known as a pest of stone fruits of the genus Prunus (Rosaceae). It has for several years been assumed among specialists studying the family Gelechiidae that Anarsia lineatella s.l. includes hidden diversity. In Europe there are at least two widely distributed distinct species: A. lineatella and a closely related species feeding on Acer (Sapindaceae) which is described in the present paper as A. innoxiella sp. n.
When A. lineatella was first reported from Denmark (
Material and methods
Data from holotypes are cited exactly as on the labels of the specimens (Fig.
Genitalia preparation mostly follows the technique described by
Description of genital morphology follows
The present study is based on material from the following collections:
ECKU Collection of Ecology-Centre, Kiel University, Germany
KG Collection of Keld Gregersen, Sorø, Denmark
KL Collection of Knud Larsen, Søborg, Denmark
PF Collection of Per Falck, Neksø, Denmark
RS Collection of Rudi Seliger, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
UJ Collection of Urmas Jürivete, Tallinn, Estonia
Results
Anarsia Zeller, 1839: 190
Type species: Tinea spartiella Schrank, 1802.
Ananarsia Amsel, 1959: 32.
Type species: Anarsia lineatella Zeller, 1839.
The genus Anarsia has traditionally been considered as related to certain similar genera, e.g., Hypatima Hübner, 1825, in the subfamily Chelariinae (see, for example,
Many of the morphological specializations present in some or all Anarsia species (e.g., androconial scales, hair pencils, shape of labial palpi and hindwings and genital structure) are probably related to courtship, i.e., dispersal of pheromones and attracting of the opposite sex. This may explain why these striking characters are not reflected more strongly in the molecular analysis (Karsholt et al. 2013), which places Anarsia amongst more ‘normal-looking’ genera of Gelechiidae.
Anarsia is characterized by some remarkable morphological characters: vestigial segment 3 of labial palpus in male, hindwing with distinct convex elevation at proximal part of costa (Fig.
These characters are not, or only rarely, found in any other of the 500 or so genera of Gelechiidae. At present Anarsia, as understood here, includes about 100 species (catalogued by
Anarsia s.l. is morphologically diverse. An attempt to split the genus was made by
The structures on the valvae described as spines (“Dornen”) (
Ponomarenko retained Ananarsia at first as a subgenus (
Anarsia genitalia (schematic). a. male, elv: elevation at left valva (sub-apical lobe); ju: juxta; L-va: left valva; lob: lobe at left side of vinculum; par: parategminal sclerite; pha: phallus; R-va: right valva; sc: scent scales (palmate); teg: tegumen; tub: tubular process; vi: vinculum. b. female genitalia (schematic); ant: antrum; ap-a: apophysis anterioris; ap-p: apophysis posterioris; du-b: ductus bursae; elv: elevation at segment VII; no: notch, pap: papillae analis; os-a: ostium bursae (anterior part); os-d: ostium bursae (dorsal part); t-ar: tergal arch.
Anarsia innoxiella sp. n.
Holotype
♀, Denmark, LFM, Flintinge, 9.vii.2002, leg. K. Gregersen, gen. slide Gregersen 3462 (
Paratypes
Bulgaria. Blagoevgrad prov., 5 km E Illindentsi, 880 m, 1♂, 7.viii.2012, leg. O. Karsholt (
Material not included in the type series (see also below under Remarks). Cyprus (Southern part). N of Limasol, Moniatis, 650 m, 1♀, 23-29.vi.1997, leg. M. Fibiger, A. Madsen, D. Nilsson & P. Svendsen; Trodos Mts., Platres, 1200 m, 7♂, 4♀, 11-16.v.1999, leg. C. Hviid & B. Skule, gen. slide Gregersen 1623, 1624, 3417; same data but 2 km S. Platres, 1100 m, 6♂, 1♀, 16.v.1999 (all
Diagnosis
Anarsia innoxiella is characterized by its whitish grey and blackish grey forewings, which bear black longitudinal streaks, with the streak in the middle of the wing being especially prominent. It is similar to A. lineatella, but that species can be distinguished by the broadly longitudinal black spot followed by white in the middle of the wing (A. innoxiella has a straighter black streak here). A. innoxiella shows some variation from light, variegated specimens to darker moths approaching A. lineatella in appearance. Several other Anarsia species have wing markings similar to the two species dealt with in this paper, e.g., A. acaciae Walsingham, 1897 (
The genitalia of A. innoxiella are similar to those of A. lineatella. The male of A. innoxiella can be separated from the latter by 1) the sub-triangular sub-apical lobe of the left valva being less protruding in A. lineatella; 2) the conic, triangular uncus being slightly more slender in A. lineatella; and 3) the moderately broad tegumen with weakly sinuous lateral margins.
In the female genitalia the ridges from the middle of a sclerotised arch of tergum VIII are distinct in A. lineatella, but absent or very weak in A. innoxiella.
Description
Adult (Fig.
Anarsia adults. a. A. innoxiella sp. n., Denmark (KG); b. A. innoxiella sp. n., Holotype, Denmark (
Variation. There is some variation in the amount of blackish grey scales in the forewing. The above description is based on specimens from northern Europe (mainly Denmark and north Germany). Specimens from north-eastern Europe are larger (15–16 mm) and have the forewings more uniformly covered with dark grey scales (thereby restricting the white scales) whereas the black stripes are prominent, giving the wing a striped appearance. Such (more or less) dark grey, black-striped specimens also occur as an individual form from other East European countries. Specimens from mountain localities in Crete and Cyprus are externally similar to northern European specimens.
Male genitalia (Figs
Female genitalia (Figs
Bionomics
The larva is dark reddish-brown with small pinacula, bearing white hairs; head and prothoracic plate small, glistening black; anal plate black (description based on photograph of larva of “A. lineatella” at Lepiforum 2016). It is similar to that of A. lineatella. It feeds between fresh leaves of Acer campestre L. (Lepiforum op cit. – as “A. lineatella”). Lepiforum also refers to “Ahorn” (=Acer L.) as host plant for this species, and it is well possible that the larva of A. innoxiella feeds on more than one Acer-species. The species has also been reared from larvae found on Acer campestre in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia (see list of examined material). In Crete A. innoxiella was caught in numbers in light traps placed among Acer sempervirens L. A. innoxiella occurs in a wide range of biotopes, such as deciduous woods, hedgerows, and gardens. Univoltine. Adult from mid-June to mid-August. Larva from April to June. The species is mostly collected at light.
Distribution
A. innoxiella is widespread in Europe and locally common, but in view of its previous confusion with A. lineatella our knowledge of its distribution is still incomplete. It is found in Scandinavia, where it was recently (2015) recorded in Norway (L. Aarvik in litt.), and is known from Denmark, southern and middle Sweden (
Etymology
The species name “innoxiella” is a composite word formed from the Latin adjective innoxia = harmless, innocuous (in contrast to A. lineatella), and the diminutive suffix -ella. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.
Remarks
Specimens of A. innoxiella from north-eastern Europe differ in external characters from other specimens treated here (as described above under ‘Variation’), but they have similar genitalia. It is unclear if the north-eastern form differs due to geographical isolation (thus representing a subspecies), if it is a result of the climate (i.e., short summers and/or cold winters), or if it is due to difference in the foodplant (the north-eastern population probably feeds on Acer platanoides L., the only native Acer in that area). Due to these uncertainties we have excluded such specimens from the type material – and for the same reasons we refrain from using them to describe a subspecies. Specimens with intermediate colour and wing markings occur among typical specimens further south in eastern Europe.
The few specimens examined from southern Spain are generally smaller and paler than typical A. innoxiella and are likewise excluded from the type series. Also, specimens from mountain localities in Crete and Cyprus are – in spite being externally very similar to North European specimens – excluded from the type series due to slight differences in the genitalia.
Anarsia lineatella
Anarsia lineatella Zeller, 1839: 190 (nomen protectum)
Tinea pullatella Hübner, 1796: 63, pl. 17, fig. 118 (nomen oblitum)
Anarsia ? pruniella Clemens, 1860: 169.
Anarsia lineatella heratella Amsel, 1967: 20. Subspecies.
Anarsia lineatella tauricella Amsel, 1967: 20. Subspecies.
Type material
A. lineatella, holotype, ♀, with 9 labels (Fig.
A. lineatella heratella, holotype, ♂: “AFGHANISTAN Herat 970 m 5.5.1956 H. G. Amsel leg.” “Holotypus ♂ leg H. Amsel Anarsia lineatella heratella” | “Gen. præp. nr. 5296♂, O. Karsholt”. Paratypes. 3♀, same data as holotype but genitalia slide 5295, 5297 (LNK).
A. lineatella tauricella, holotype, ♂: “Syr. sept. Taurus D Marasch VI 29” | “Holotypus ♂ leg. H. Amsel Anarsia lineatella tauricella” | “Gen. præp. nr. 5300♂, O. Karsholt” | “Coll. Osthelder” (
Other material studied. Bulgaria (3♂, 7♀), Cyprus (1♂, 1♀), Denmark (4♀) (introduced), Germany (4♂, 10♀), Greece (4♂, 7♀), Hungary (5♂, 1♀), Israel (1♂), Libya (2♂, 1♀), Morocco (3♂, 4♀), Romania (1♂), Spain (7♂, 2♀), Spain, Canary Islands (1♀), Turkey (2♂, 1♀), Ukraine (1♂).
Diagnosis
Anarsia lineatella is characterized by its fuscous grey forewing with only a little white and with indistinct black streaks; it appears darker than A. innoxiella and has a less fractured pattern of the forewings. For separation from A. innoxiella see under that species.
The male genitalia are characterized by 1) the flatly rounded shape of the sub-apical lobe of the left valva, 2) the rather slender shape of the uncus, and 3) the comparatively broad tegumen with its distinctly sinuous margins. These characters separate A. lineatella from A. innoxiella. The female genitalia differ from those of A. innoxiella by having two or three distinct ridges articulating distad from the middle of a sclerotised arch of the tergum.
Description
Adult (Fig.
Variation. The nominotypical subspecies is rather uniform, showing only slight variation. Segment 3 of the labial palpi in females can have more or less black. The wingspan of a series of specimens of both sexes from Morocco is smaller than average (11–12 mm), but otherwise similar to European specimens. Specimens from Afghanistan (A. lineatella subsp. heratella) are characterized by having head, thorax, and basal half of the antennae whitish. The wing markings are similar to those of typical A. lineatella, but the forewings are somewhat bi-coloured, having a lighter costal third and a darker dorsal two-thirds. Specimens from southern Turkey are relatively small (about 11 mm) and generally paler grey compared with typical A. lineatella. Such specimens have been described as A. lineatella subsp. tauricella. See also under ‘Remarks’ below for these two subspecies.
Male genitalia (Figs
Female genitalia (Figs
Bionomics
The larva has (the rather small) head and prothoracic plate glistening black; the body is honey-brown or chestnut brown, with intersegmental divisions whitish; pinacula small, black, each with one whitish hair; anal plate glistening black; prolegs concolorous with body (Fischer von Röslerstamm 1842;
The species feeds on a number of Rosaceae, especially Prunus L. species.
In early spring the young larva of the first brood bores into a shoot from below the pith and hollows it out causing exudation of some sap; the shoot withers and the larva moves to a new one. Larvae of the second brood bore into the pulp of the fruit, causing serious damage; the entrance hole is inconspicuous, but the fruit becomes discoloured and matures too early. The larva pupates in a light web on the ground or between leaves; from the latter most often hymenopterous parasitoids emerge (Fischer von Röslerstamm 1842: 283). A. lineatella is a serious pest on cultivated Prunus in subtropical areas of western Eurasia and North America. In Central Europe the adults fly in two generations a year, from May to July and again during August and September (
Distribution
Widespread in Central and southern Europe and North Africa, eastwards through the Middle East and Turkey to Central Asia and China (Li and Zheng 1997: 122). A. lineatella has been introduced with its host plants to North America where it was present already in the middle of the 19th century (
Remarks
Anarsia lineatella was described from one male from Austria, Wien, in the collection of Fischer von Röslerstamm (“Lineatella FR”). Whereas the original description by Zeller was very short, Fischer von Röslerstamm (1842: 282–284, pls 95–96) gave a detailed and for that time very good illustrated description of adult, larva, pupa, and life history. It leaves no doubt that he was dealing with the species which is injurious to Prunus spp.
Tinea pullatella was described from an unstated number of specimens from Austria. The type material is probably lost. Hübner’s colour painting of pullatella is small, dark, and schematic, and not clearly associated with any species. Hübner (1825: 415) placed pullatella in his genus Gelechia, together with notatella, rhombella, proximella, and mulinella. The first author to deal with pullatella was Treitschke (1833: 95), who gave a re-description which matches A. lineatella. Additionally, he wrote that
Treitschke’s interpretation of Tinea pullatella Hübner was not followed by his contemporaries Zeller and Fischer von Röslerstamm, who did not even discuss that species in connection with their description of Anarsia lineatella.
Later
Tinea pullatella has been out of use for over 150 years (nomen oblitum), and therefore we herewith propose to conserve the name Anarsia lineatella (nomen protectum) and suppress T. pullatella according to the provisions of Article 23.9 (
Anarsia pruniella was described from an unstated number of specimens bred from larvae found 16th June 1860 on Prunus (“plum”) at Philadelphia, USA (
Anarsia lineatella heratella was described from a series of 9 males and 21 females from Herat in Afghanistan, plus one further female from the Paghman Mts (also in Afghanistan), and two worn specimens from the Muk Pass in Iran. Herat is situated at an altitude of 923 m, but the two other localities are at about 3000 m altitude, and
We have examined the holotype and three female paratypes from Herat (see Figs
In his description of A. lineatella heratella, Amsel (op cit.) refers to figures of its male and female genitalia (“Taf. 7 Fig. 9” and “Taf. 10 Fig. 26”). That reference has been copied into later literature, e.g.,
Anarsia lineatella tauricella was described from three males and one female from Marasch (now Kahramanmaraş) in Turkey. The country of origin was given as Syria by
Discussion
Taxonomy, being the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms (Secretariat CBD 2008) is both a discipline of its own and an important support to other sciences. It is in itself of value for biodiversity to detect and describe a new species, but a lot of organisms have a more or less direct influence on human health and economy. Among the latter are the so called noxious or pest species, being harmful to crops and other cultivated plants, and numerous people are involved in pest control around the world. It is obvious that efficient pest control depends on a directed effort towards the harmful species. If the taxonomy of the species in question is confused, much effort and money may be wasted trying to control a ‘harmless’ species.
As mentioned above A. innoxiella resembles A. lineatella, both externally and in the male and female genitalia, and therefore it has not been possible to separate the two species in the past. However, information on the differences in the host plant preference, and insight into the DNA barcodes, which differ between the two species (P. Huemer and M. Mutanen in litt.), stimulated a more detailed search for morphological differences. By comparing a large sample of moths and genitalia preparations we have discovered diagnostic characters to separate these two species; indeed, with some experience almost all specimens in good condition can be identified by external characters.
The available material of the two taxa A. lineatella subsp. heratella and A. lineatella subsp. tauricella is inadequate to provide a safe basis for a change of their status; however, based on differences in external appearance and the genitalia we are certain that neither of them is conspecific with A. innoxiella. Further studies of DNA from fresh material may throw light on the question whether the two subspecies really belong to A. lineatella or represent distinct species. That also applies to specimens with a differently shaped lobe of the left valva, as found in one paratype of A. lineatella tauricella.
Conclusion
By studying the taxonomy and morphology of the Peach Twig Borer we can demonstrate that Anarsia lineatella shows cryptic diversity and beside the well-known Prunus-feeding pest includes a widespread and common species the larvae of which feed on Acer.
Acknowledgments
We are particularly grateful to Michael Falkenberg and Robert Trusch (
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Appendix
Selected references that have used the name Anarsia lineatella in the last 50 years
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