15urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:E0185C18-FE79-5ADE-9877-ED333312DD4Furn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EF082B8D-8FD0-41B8-BC24-3D1190FEC17FNota LepidopterologicaNL0342-75362367-5365Pensoft Publishers10.3897/nl.47.107485107485Research ArticleBucculatricidaeLepidopteraTaxonomyFar EastA new Hibiscus-feeding species of Bucculatrix (Bucculatricidae) from the Ogasawara Islands, JapanYagiSadahisayagi.sadahisa@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-12191OkuJoheihttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9494-398X1HirowatariToshiyahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-22291Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; E-mail: yagi.sadahisa@gmail.com, z610034b@yahoo.co.jp, hirowat_t@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jpKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapanInsect Science and Creative Entomology Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, JapanKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
Subject Editor: Théo Léger
202405022024472942E16AA356-B7DB-5511-93B9-84ABDCAF3FF601F6ACFD-078C-472B-808C-CE774AD6E2320606202305092023Sadahisa Yagi, Johei Oku, Toshiya HirowatariThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/01F6ACFD-078C-472B-808C-CE774AD6E232
This study describes Bucculatrixflavimaculatasp. nov., a new species of Bucculatrix from the Ogasawara Islands in Japan, feeding on Hibiscus. Photographs of adult male and female genitalia and their larval biology (e.g., host plants and feeding habits) are shown. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-5P) DNA barcode sequences, including those of some Japanese Bucculatrix species related to B.flavimaculatasp. nov. In addition, we discuss the relationships within the species group.
Introduction
The genus Bucculatrix comprises mostly leaf-mining moths, with approximately 300 species known globally (Davis and Robinson 1998; van Nieukerken et al. 2011), with several recently described species (e.g. Tokár and Laštůvka 2018; Liao et al. 2019). Braun (1963) revised the genus Bucculatrix for the Nearctic region and divided it into eight sections based on their genitalia. These sections were mainly correlated with the host plant. Seksjaeva (1994, 1998) revised the Palearctic species into 11 species groups. Similarly, Baryshnikova (2008) revised the Holarctic species and divided them into 16 species groups using phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and biological (e.g., the larval life history) characteristics. Subsequently, Kobayashi et al. (2010) revised the 23 Japanese Bucculatrix species and presented 10 species groups distributed in Japan based on their morphological characteristics.
Several Malvaceae-feeding Bucculatrix species are known from the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Most of these species belong to one species group (viz. Section VIII sensu Braun, 1963; the lavaterella group sensu Baryshnikova, 2008) based on the similarity of the male and female genitalia (Braun 1963; Seksjaeva 1994; Baryshnikova 2007). In contrast, two Malvaceae-feeding species recorded from Japan, B.firmianella Kuroko, 1982 and B.hamaboella Kobayashi, Hirowatari & Kuroko, 2009, were considered to belong to another species group (viz. Section I sensu Braun, 1963; the magnella group sensu Baryshnikova, 2008) based on the similarity of male and female genitalia and the stem-boring feeding habit (Kobayashi et al. 2009).
The first and second instar larvae of Bucculatrix are leaf miners that form short, very narrow, tortuous, or spiral mines. The third and fourth instars feed usually externally on the surface of the leaf and usually leave the “skeletonized” feeding trace and spin a cocoon-shaped web “cocoonet” for moulting (Braun 1963; Kuroko 1964; Kobayashi et al. 2010).
Some studies on Bucculatrix have used DNA barcode sequences (partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI-5P) for species identification (van Nieukerken et al. 2012; Vargas-Ortiz et al. 2018; Liao et al. 2019). However, most of these data are limited to Europe and the USA, and only a few species in Asia are registered in the GenBank or BOLD databases.
In the Ogasawara Islands, the endemic Malvaceae plant Hibiscusglaber (Matsum. ex Hatt.) Matsum. ex Nakai is widely distributed, and one unknown species belonging to Gracillariidae is known to feed on this plant (Takeuchi and Ohbayashi 2006). During a survey of the Ogasawara Islands, we discovered not only gracillariid mines but also unknown small mines and “skeletonized” feeding traces. In the course of the survey, we found that these latter traces are made by an unknown species of the genus Bucculatrix. We conclude that this is a new species based on morphology and DNA barcoding analyses. We here describe the adult morphology of this species, including the male and female genitalia. This study also provides some aspects of larval biology and a preliminary phylogenetic tree of the genus Bucculatrix based on the partial COI sequences, with a brief discussion on the phylogenetic relationships within the group.
Materials and methodsMaterials and observations
All specimens were collected by rearing larvae from the host plant or sweeping them from Chichijima and Hahajima, both in the Ogasawara Islands. All samples were deposited at the Entomological Laboratory of Kyushu University (ELKU). The morphological characteristics were observed using a Leica S9D stereoscopic microscope. The genitalia were dissected, stained with Chlorazol black E and mounted in Euparal. Morphological terminology follows that of Kobayashi et al. (2010) and Liao et al. (2019). The scientific names of plants follow Yonekura and Kajita (2003). A distribution map was created with QGIS 3.10.11 (QGIS 2020) using data from Global Map Japan (Global Map Japan version 2.2 Vector data, https://www.gsi.go.jp/kankyochiri/gm_japan_e.html).
DNA analysis
The specimens collected by the first author were used for DNA analysis (Table 1). Total DNA was extracted from the abdomen using a DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. We amplified the fragment of the partial mitochondrial COI gene using the primer sets LCO1490/HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994) or LepF1/LepR1 (Hebert et al. 2003) (Table 1) and the KOD One® PCR Master Mix -Blue- (TOYOBO CO., LTD., Osaka, Japan). Amplification conditions followed the manufacturer’s protocol, except for the annealing temperature, which was either 50 °C or 53 °C. The amplicons were purified using ExoSAP-IT Express (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Massachusetts, USA). The cycle sequences reactions and bidirectional sequencing were conducted using premixed Sanger sequencing services (Azenta Japan Corp., Tokyo, Japan).
The list of Japanese Bucculatrix used for DNA analysis.
The sequences obtained were manually aligned using MEGA 7.0.26 (Kumar et al. 2016). Then intraspecific uncorrected pairwise distances (p-distances) were calculated using MEGA 7.0.26 (Kumar et al. 2016). For visualization, a Neighbor Joining tree was constructed under the uncorrected pairwise distances method using MEGA 7.0.26 (Kumar et al. 2016). The sequence data were compared with the sequences registered in BOLD Systems, and similar species were searched using the BOLD identification engine (https://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/IDS_OpenIdEngine). To construct a preliminary phylogenetic tree, we acquired sequences from BOLD, including all described Bucculatrix species with registered COI barcode sequences longer than 500 base pairs and two sequences of unidentified specimens that were similar to the new species (Suppl. material 1). The sequence of Ogmograptisscribula Meyrick, 1935 (Bucculatricidae) was used as an outgroup. Owing to the heterogeneity of the third codon positions of the COI barcode region, this partition was binarized (RY coding). A phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation was constructed using the IQ-TREE web server, version 1.6.12 (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016) with an auto-substitution model selection, ultrafast bootstrap analysis with 1000 repetitions, and Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio tests (SH-aLRT) with 1000 repetitions. The treefile was visualized using Figtree v1.4.4 (Rambaut 2018) to prepare the figure.
This species can be easily distinguished from other Bucculatrix species distributed in the surrounding biogeographic regions by its fuscous forewings mixed with four yellowish cream marking at or near costal margin. The male genitalia are similar to those of B.firmianella (Group 1 sensu Kobayashi et al. 2010) in that they share a long and slender socius, a broad valva, and an elongated vinculum. Moreover, they also share an elongated ductus bursae in the female genitalia. However, this species can be distinguished by the trapezoid valva (triangular in B.firmianella) and small-scale sac (large in B.firmianella) in males and the broad lamella antevaginalis with some wrinkles in females (without wrinkles in B.firmianella).
The male and female genitalia are also similar to those of BucculatrixserratellaKobayashi et al., 2010 (Groups 8 sensu Kobayashi et al. 2010), which share a long and slender socius and rounded apex of the valva in the male genitalia. They also share the lamella antevaginalis with wrinkles in the female genitalia. However, the species can be distinguished by the absence of a juxta in the male genitalia and long ductus bursae (short in B.serratella) in the female genitalia.
Description.
Adult (Figs 1, 2). No sexual dimorphism. Wingspan 3.8–6.6 mm (n = 16; holotype: 6.6 mm). Forewing length 1.7–3.0 mm (n = 16, holotype 3.0 mm).
Head: Frons pale dark brown with cream scales, apically cream. Vertex cream with dark brown hair-like scales. Antennae filiform, 4/5 of forewing length; scape cream, forming eye-caps with cream hair-like scales ventrally; pedicel cream with dark greyish-brown scales; flagellum dark greyish-brown. Proboscis yellowish cream without scales. Labial palpus short, cream.
Thorax: Fuscous with cream scales dorsally, dark greyish-brown laterally. Forecoxa to forefemur cream; fore tibia greyish-brown dorsally, yellowish-cream ventrally; fore tarsomere yellowish-cream basally and ventrally, greyish-brown dorso-apically; mid-coxa to mid-femur cream; mid-tibia greyish-brown with yellowish cream marking middle dorsally; mid-tarsomere yellowish cream basally and ventrally, greyish-brown dorso-apically; hind coxa to hind femur cream. hind tibia greyish-brown with long hairs dorsally, yellowish cream with long hairs ventrally; hind-tarsomere yellowish cream basally and ventrally, greyish-brown dorso-apically. Forewing lanceolate, ground colour fuscous with four inconspicuous cream to dark yellow spots or markings on basally, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 of forewing; basal marking slender strip, not reaching inner margin; marking at 1/4 divided into two or three spots at middle of forewing; spot at 1/2 at costal margin; marking at 3/4 divided into two spots at costal margin and tornus, tornus spot larger than costal spot; black erected spot at basal 2/5 of forewing near inner margin (Figs 23, 24); fringe dark greyish-brown. Hindwing greyish-brown; fringe greyish-brown.
Male genitalia (Figs 3–9): Uncus and gnathos absent. Socius elongated, apical half with setae, apex slightly broad. Tegumen narrow with one pair of small lobes with setae laterally. Vinculum developed and elongated with a broadly roundish tip. Valva trapezoid, apex slightly broad and roundish. Anellus membranous covered with minute sclerites (Fig. 8). Phallus elongated, J-shaped, tapered toward tip, slightly curved and crinkled posteriorly; with a U-shaped lobe basally.
Adults of Bucculatrixflavimaculata sp. nov. from the Ogasawara Islands. 1. Male, holotype; 2. Female, paratype, genitalia slide no. SY1446. Scale bars: 3.0 mm.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/979841
Female genitalia (Figs 10–12). Papilla analis moderately long, tapering toward the tip. Apophysis posterioris slender, longer than eighth segment. Apophysis anterioris absent. Ostium bursae broad. Lamella antevaginalis broad with several horizontal wrinkles. Antrum elongated, bar-shaped, and slightly shorter than posterior apophysis. Ductus bursae narrow and elongated, longer than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae anteriorly broad, posteriorly tapering toward ductus bursae, with significant signa. Signa arranged in two rows; each signum forming posterior row with sharp internal spine; that of anterior row with blunt internal process. Ductus seminalis slender, arising near border of ductus bursae and corpus bursae.
Type material.
Holotype. ♂; ‘[JPN: Ogasawara Isls.] Higashidaira, Chichijima Is., Ogasawara-mura; 18.vi.2022 larva; S. Yagi leg.’, ‘M2808; Host: Hibiscusglaber; 4.vii.2022 em.’, genitalia slide no. SY1459(♂); Sample ID for DNA analysis: SaY892; Collection ID: ELKU-I-L-Bonin 0000155; deposited in ELKU.
Hibiscusglaber (Matsum. ex Hatt.) Matsum. ex Nakai (Malvaceae).
Biology
(Figs 13–24). Eggs were mainly deposited on the upper side (n = 10) and sometimes on the underside of the leaf (n = 2), near a leaf vein or leaf edge. The young larvae are leaf miners. Leaf mining usually starts as a serpentine mine and changes to a simple linear mine. Subsequently, the larvae exit the mine, feed on the upperside or underside of the leaf, and leave the typical Bucculatrix “skeletonized” feeding trace after only the epidermis is consumed and veins remain. The cocoonet is typically located on the underside of the leaf. All larvae of the discovered species are pale green, except for the last instar. The last instar larva has dorsal fuscous and cream horizontal stripes and two lateral white markings on each segment. The spindle-ribbed cocoon is pale cream at first, and then cream. Adults and larvae were observed at almost the same time from mid-June to late June. Our collections demonstrate that this species may be multivoltine.
(Fig. 25). Japan: Ogasawara Islands (Chichijima, Anijima, Hahajima, and Mukohjima Islands). Adults were collected from Chichijima and Hahajima Islands. However, many feeding traces on the same host that we presume are from the newly described species were observed on Anijima and Mukohjima Islands (Figs 14, 25).
(Figs 26, 27, Suppl. material 2). The DNA barcode sequences are deposited into the GenBank database under the accession numbers listed in Table 1 and uploaded to the BOLD system in the public dataset DS-BUCBONIN. The intraspecific p-distances of B.flavimaculata sp. nov. are 0–2.74% (n = 6) (Suppl. material 2). The largest p-distances were found between two specimens collected from Chichijima Island (BIN, BOLD:AFB6292) compared to six Hahajima Island specimens (BIN, BOLD:AFB5723) (2.43–2.74% pairwise distances) (Fig. 26, Suppl. material 2).
The DNA barcode of B.flavimaculata sp. nov. (Sample ID: SaY892) is closest to that of a Bucculatricidae species collected in Selangor, the peninsula of Malaysia (BIN, BOLD:ACR3285, Sample ID: BIOUG17088-B08, Process ID: GMMGT2203-14), based on the BOLD identification engine, with 6.46% pairwise divergence.
Biology and habitat of Bucculatrixflavimaculata sp. nov. Biology and habitat of Bucculatrixflavimaculata sp. nov. 13. Host plant, Hibiscusglaber at Chibusayama, Hahajima Is.; 14. Leaf with mines and traces of feeding at Mukohjima Is.; 15. Leaf with mines and traces of feeding at Igumadani, Hahajima Is.; 16. Mine; 17. Larva; 18. Last instar larva with cocoonet.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/979844
According to the phylogenetic tree constructed based on the COI barcode region, Bucculatrixflavimaculata is closely related to B.firmianella, although the ultra-fast bootstrap support and SH-aLRT support values are low or unsupported (86% and 24.2% respectively) (Fig. 27). Moreover, B.flavimaculata and B.firmianella form a clade with two unidentified species from Malaysia, B.hamaboella, B.regaella Chrétien, 1907 (Malvaceae feeder), and B.cordiaella Davis & Landry, 2002 (Boraginaceae feeder) with high SH-aLRT support (97.1%, Fig. 27).
Biology and habitat of Bucculatrixflavimaculata sp. nov. (continued) 19, 20. Last instar larva; 21. Cocoon; 22. Cocoon with pupal exuviae; 23, 24. Adult.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/979845Etymology.
The name of the new species is derived from the Latin flavus, “yellowish” and macula, “spots”, referring to the colour of the forewing and the spot markings.
Neighbor Joining tree of the genus Bucculatrixflavimaculata sp. nov. based on the DNA barcode region. The labels provide data on Sample ID, specific name, island, and exact sites. Branch lengths are proportional to genetic distances and the scale bar indicates 0.005 substitutions/site. Within sample names, species names and BIN IDs are followed by sample IDs.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/979847Remarks.
In Japan, Bucculatrixhamaboella is known to feed on Hibiscushamabo Siebold et Zucc. (Kobayashi et al. 2009). However, its morphological and molecular characteristics are markedly different from B.flavimaculata. Thus, it does not seem to be a closely related species. The young larva of B.hamaboella is a leaf miner that forms a long red linear mine. In later instars, the larva becomes a stem borer (Kobayashi et al. 2009).
ML tree of the genus Bucculatrix based on the DNA barcode region generated by IQ-TREE web server. Numbers near each node are SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%). Numbers are indicated in case both support values are higher than 50 (%) / 50 (%). Light blue highlights indicate the species known to feed Malvaceae. Branch lengths are proportional to genetic distances and the scale bar indicated 0.03 substitutions/site.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/979848Discussion
Bucculatrixflavimaculata exhibits an intraspecific variation of 2.43–2.74% in DNA barcodes between the populations of the Chichijima and Hahajima Islands (ca. 50 km apart). In Lepidoptera, a p-distance of 2–3% in the DNA barcode region is often considered as a useful threshold to assess cryptic species (Hebert et al. 2003; Huemer and Wiesser 2023). The male genitalia also show some variation in the shape of the valva and phallus. We hypothesize that the morphological variation observed occurs within the populations rather than between the populations of each island, but we cannot exclude that it is an artefact caused by the angle of observation (due to different embedding). However, a detailed morphometric analysis was not performed to test potential morphological differences in the genitalia.
According to Kobayashi et al. (2010), the Japanese Malvaceae feeders B.firmianella and B.hamaboella belong to Group 1. In addition, they correspond to the magnella group sensu Baryshnikova (2008) and Section I sensu Braun (1963). However, the Japanese Malvaceae feeders did not seem to belong to the magnella group because they did not form a clade with B.magnella Chambers, 1875 in the COI tree. This result is congruent with morphological characters because Japanese Malvaceae feeders lack teeth at the apex of the phallus and short blunt cone setae at the apical area of the valva, which are common characteristics of this group. A more comprehensive re-examination is necessary to determine which species groups sensu Baryshnikova (2008) and Braun (1963) correspond to Group 1 of Kobayashi et al. (2010), as some characteristics are also similar to those of species belonging to other species groups. Other Holarctic Malvaceae feeders belong to the lavaterella group sensu Baryshnikova (2008). In the COI tree, B.thurberiella Busck, 1914 and B.gossypiella Morrill, 1927 are closely related sister species but they do not group closely with B.flavimaculata and related taxa, concordant with previous morphological studies. Thus, Malvaceae feeding seems to have arisen independently at least twice within Bucculatrix.
Funding
This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20224201) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, provided by the Ministry of the Environment of Japan to TH and SY and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K15151 (Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists) to SY. DNA sequencing from specimens from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History was provided by the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, through the iBOL project, funded by Genome Canada.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Scott E. Miller (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution), Dr. Peter Huemer (Tyrolean State Museum, Austria), Dr. Arild Johnsen (Natural History Museum, University of Oslo), Dr. Carlo Seifert (Georg August University of Göttingen, Germany), Dr. Tengten Liu (Shandong Normal University), Dr. Jean-Francois Landry (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), Mr. Peter Buchner (Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria), and Centre for Biodiversity Genomics Project Management Team (University of Guelph) for the permission to use the unpublished sequences. We also express our thanks to the staff of the Ogasawara General Office and Chubu Regional Environment Office for permitting us to collect specimens from nature reserves. We thank Dr. Atsushi Kawakita, Dr. Ko Mochizuki, Dr. Shuichi Nemoto (University of Tokyo), Dr. Issei Ohshima (Kyoto Prefectural University), Mr. Shunsuke Tomura (ELKU), and Mr. Masaaki Kimura (Okinawa Prefecture, Japan) for their support during our field surveys in the Ogasawara Islands.
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(Lepidoptera, Bucculatricidae) from Sicily and Sardinia.Nota Lepidopterologica41(1): 113–117. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.22840TrifinopoulosJNguyenLTvon HaeselerAMinhBQ (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis.Nucleic Acids Research44(1): 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256Vargas-OrtizMBobadillaDHuanca-MamaniWVargasHA (2018) Genetic divergence of isolated populations of the native micromoth Bucculatrixmirnae (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) in the arid environments of Northern Chile.Mitochondrial DNA Part A29(8): 1139–1147. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701394.2017.1419215YonekuraKKajitaT (2003) BG Plants wamei–gakumei index (YList). http://ylist.info [date accessed 05.06.2023]Supplementary materials10.3897/nl.47.107485.suppl119772D39-C3A3-5B38-918B-1F82EC6F3ECD
The list of Bucculatricidae acquired from the BOLD systems for constructing the phylogenetic tree
xlsx
https://binary.pensoft.net/file/979849This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.Sadahisa Yagi, Johei Oku, Toshiya Hirowatari10.3897/nl.47.107485.suppl21AD01FD7-AE18-53AC-A9B9-D3A938CEB8E2
Interspecific and Intraspecific pairwise p-distances in the COI barcode region of the genus Bucculatrix similar to Bucculatrixflavimaculata sp. nov.
xlsx
https://binary.pensoft.net/file/979850This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.Sadahisa Yagi, Johei Oku, Toshiya Hirowatari