Pseudobankesia keersmaekersi sp . n . , a new species from Greece ( Lepidoptera , Psychidae , Taleporiinae )

Pseudobankesia keersmaekersi sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Taleporiinae) is described from Greece and compared with its likely close relatives Pseudobankesia arahova Stengel, 1990 and Pseudobankesia darwinii Stengel, 1990. The new species is well characterized by its remarkably coloured forewings and wing-pattern and the unusually large larval cases. Samenvatting. Pseudobankesia keersmaekersi sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Taleporiinae) wordt van Griekenland beschreven. Ze wordt vergeleken met de wellicht erg nauw aanverwante soorten Pseudobankesia arahova Stengel, 1990, en Pseudobankesia darwinii Stengel, 1990. De nieuwe soort wordt gekenmerkt door de opvallende kleur en tekening van de voorvleugel, bovendien hebben de larven buitengewoon grote larvenkokers. Zusammenfassung. Pseudobankesia keersmaekersi sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Taleporiinae) wird aus Griechenland beschrieben und mit den vermutlich nächstverwandten Pseudobankesia arahova Stengel, 1990, und Pseudobankesia darwinii Stengel, 1990, verglichen. Die neue Art ist gekennzeichnet durch die auffällige Farbe der Vorderflügel und ihre Flügelzeichnung sowie durch die ungewöhnlich großen Säcke der Larven.


Introduction
The genus Pseudobankesia Meier, 1963 (Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Taleporiinae) contains 15 species in the Palaearctic Region.Fourteen of them are distributed from Portugal eastwards to Cyprus (Sobczyk 2012; Arnscheid and Weidlich in press).Most species inhabit rocks and walls in mountainous areas where they occur up to 2500 m in the Alps.Eight species have been described from south-eastern Europe: P. macedoniella (Rebel, 1920) from Macedonia; P. kresnensis Weidlich, 2014 from Bulgaria; P. arahova Stengel, 1990, P. darwinii Stengel, 1990, and P. lichenaria Weidlich, 2016 from Greek mainland and Peloponnes; P. hauseriella Henderickx, 1998 from Crete; and P. aphroditae Weidlich & Henderickx, 2002from Cyprus. P. dioszeghyi (Rebel, 1935), which is known only from the holotype, has been described from Romania.After examination of the holotype (deposited at the Hungarian National History Museum Budapest, Hungary) in 2014, WA came to the conclusion that it is more than questionable that this specimen belongs to Pseudobankesia.
During his expeditions to Greece, HH discovered along with other psychids a lot of cases with larvae of a remarkable Taleporiinae species from which he reared one male and several females.The flight period of this species is in the second half of November through December.The larval cases were all found under lava rocks, never on walls or on the exposed surface of stones.
Comparing this material with the likely closely related taxa, as well as a subsequent analysis of the adult morphology including the male genitalia structures, supported the recognition of a new species, which is herewith introduced to science as Pseudobankesia keersmaekersi sp.n.
Pseudobankesia was separated from the related Bankesia Tutt, 1899 by Meier (1963) based on differences in the antennae of both sexes and in the male genitalia.The male genitalia of Pseudobankesia resemble those of Taleporia Hübner, 1825, which were illustrated by de Freina and Witt (1984), but the cases of Taleporia and Pseudobankesia are very different, and therefore these taxa are not congeneric as considered by de Freina and Witt (1984).

Material and methods
Figures 1a, b, c, and d were made with a Canon 5D mark III and MP-E 65 macro lens, with soft flash illumination.Figures 1a and 1b were stacked by using Zerene Stacker software.Figures 2a  and 2b were taken from preparations in Euparal with an Olympus stereo microscope using a Pentax digital camera and stacked by CombineZP Stacker software.Figures 3a and b were made with an Olympus E1 digital camera and 35 mm macro objective.
We used DNA barcodes (a region of 658 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxi dase I, also known as COI) from seven Pseudobankesia species (one represented by two specimens) and two Bankesia species (one also represented by two specimens) as a tool to help us better understand the taxonomy of Pseudobankesia.DNA sequencing of the DNA barcode was carried out at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph in 2015 and 2016 and it followed standard methods (Wilson 2012).The sequences are freely available in the online BOLD database (http://www.boldsystems.org/;Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007), as well as the images of the specimens.The specimens information can be found in Table 1.As an outgroup we used a specimen of Dahlica mannii, another species of Psychidae.The neighbour-joining tree, based on the Kimura 2 parameter (K2P) model of nucleotide substitution (Kimura 1980) as recommended in the barcoding protocol (Ratnasingham andHebert 2007, 2013) was obtained using MEGA 5 (Tamura et al. 2011).The intra-and interspecific distances are based on this analysis (Table 1).The holotype and two paratypes will be deposited in the "Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe" (SMNK), Germany.The other paratypes are deposited in the private collections of WA and M. Weidlich (Neißemünde, Germany).

Systematics
©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.soceurlep.eu/und www.zobodat.atEtymology.We gratefully dedicate this nice new species to Jan Keersmaekers, Mol (Belgium), who joined HH on the Greek expeditions and helped collect the cases with his son Tom.
Male (Fig. 1a).Wingspan 11 mm.Head appearing hairy, frons and vertex with rough yellowish brown scales of variable length; external ocelli present; labial palp reduced to 3 segments; antenna thread-like with 26 segments; regularly short ciliated.Forewing length 5 mm; ground colour yellowish grey, basally and postdiscally with 2 broad interrupted brownish bands; at inner margin two distinct spots of ground colour; submarginally the veins with darker brownish scales forming a distinct reticulate pattern; costal margin with a series of dark brownish spots.Scales moderately broad, with 3-4 dentations (class 5 after Sauter 1956); fringe scales long, light greyish, becoming distinctly longer at the last third of inner margin; narrow, with 3-4 dentations.Hindwings uniform ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.soceurlep.eu/und www.zobodat.atdark greyish, slightly glossy, scales narrow (class 2 after Sauter 1956).Venation hardly visible under magnification, with 10 veins from discal cell; accessory cell present, intercalary cell absent.Forelegs with tibial epiphysis, midlegs with one pair of apical tibial spurs, and hindlegs with medial and apical tibial spurs.
Male genitalia (Fig. 2b) typical for Pseudobankesia (Fig. 3), resembling the likely most-closely related genus, Taleporia.Tegumen conical, flat, indented distally, and with two downward-directed lobe-shaped sharp pointed appendages; clasper of sacculus short, broad, and with a distinctly pointed process distally; saccus often very short, but also medium-sized and pointed in other species; valva folded distally, extending beyond distal end of tegumen, more slender than in Taleporia, covered with hair and short spines.Phallus short and thin, curved, with setae in the distal half.Genital index (phallus length / valva length) 1.02 (n = 1).
Female genitalia with antrum and antevaginal plate distinctly sclerotized, two pairs of long apophyses, lateral plates triangular, pointed, postvaginal plate indistinct.
Case.Male length 9 mm, width 3 mm, female length 9-12 mm, width 4-5 mm, distinctly triangular in cross section.Light greyish brown, sparsely covered with plant debris and sand (Fig. 1c-f).The edges of the often broad cases are mostly ornamented/accentuated with organic material, the larval opening with larger invertebrate parts (i.e.ant debris and small land molluscs).It is especially remarkable that several specimens used minute juvenile snails of the family Zonitidae to decorate the cases at the larval opening.
Based on the differentiation in the DNA barcode, P. keersmaekersi is well separated from the other species in the genus (Fig. 4).The nearest species is P. kresnensis Weidlich (2016a), with a distance of 7%.0.15 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 LEEUA045-11|Bankesia_conspurcatella|Denmark 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.12 TIPSY007-08|Bankesia_conspurcatella|England 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.00 PHLAH323-12|Pseudobankesia_aphroditae|Cyprus 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.13 LEATC014-13|Pseudobankesia_kresnensis|Bulgaria 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.09 POESE110-16|Dahlica_mannii|Slovakia (outgroup) 0.22 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.soceurlep.eu/und www.zobodat.at The distances to the next closest species of the genus are 8% to P. aphroditae Weidlich & Hendericks (2002), 11% to P. lichenaria Weidlich (2016), 12% to P. vernella (Constant, 1899) and 14% to P. alpestrella (Heinemann, 1870) (Table 1).No genetic data are available for P. arahova Stengel (1990) and P. darwinii Stengel (1990).In the future, sampling of Pseudobankesia species should be increased to include more specimens per species, as well as other species in the genus.Placement of the new species in Pseudobankesia is based on the regular ciliation of the antennae of the male.Those of the probably most-closely related genus Bankesia have brushes of long hairs basally on both sides of each segment.On the other hand, females of P. keersmaekersi sp.n. have long antennae with 13-15 segments, while those of Bankesia species have short antennae with only 3-6 segments.The male genitalia of Bankesia are very different from those of Pseudobankesia.They are flat in general appearance and the tegumen is narrow, conical, and slightly indented, while the genitalia of Pseudobankesia are much higher in lateral view and the tegumen is more or less triangular.The valvae are long and slender, much more slender than in Pseudobankesia and like them protrude considerably beyond the distal end of the tegumen.The clasper of sacculus is sharply extended, thorn-shaped, curved inwardly, while that of Pseudobankesia is short and broad with a distinctly pointed process distally.The phallus is very thin, two-thirds length of valva, almost straight and not curved as in Pseudobankesia, in which it is tubular and slightly enlarged caudally with setae in the distal half.Further, as far as we know, the genus Bankesia is distributed only in western and south-western Europe and the presence of a Bankesia species in Greece seems unlikely.However, recently Bankesia cephalonica Weidlich, 2016b, was described from an Ionian island, Kefalonia.
P. keersmaekersi is one of the larger Pseudobankesia species (wingspan 11 mm).The male (holotype) is distinctly characterized by its remarkable colouration and the very special wing pattern which is unique within the whole genus.Therefore, it cannot be confused with males of other Pseudobankesia species (Table 2).The geographically close Pseudobankesia species P. darwinii and P. arahova (Fig. 2a,b) differ from P. keersmaekersi sp.n. in the distinctly darker colouration and the remarkable female cases, which are broader.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Neighbour-joining barcode tree showing the clustering of seven Pseudobankesia and two Bankesia species with another psychid species Dahlica mannii as the outgroup (scale bar = 2%).

Table 1 .
Distance matrix showing the intra-and interspecific distance between Pseudobankesia and Bankesia species based on the neighbour-joining analysis of the DNA barcode.