Zygaenidae ( Lepidoptera ) of Thrace Region of Turkey

The Zygaenidae fauna of the Thrace Region (European Turkey) was studied by using attractant traps as well as by netting specimens in biotopes. Esters of 2-dodecenoic acid and stereoisomers of 2-butanol were used as sex attractants. Sixteen Zygaenidae species from five genera were found: Theresimima Strand, 1917 (1 species), Rhagades Wallengren, 1863 (2 species), Adscita Retzius, 1783 (3 species), Jordanita Verity, 1946 (4 species), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (6 species). Rhagades (Rhagades) pruni (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and Jordanita (Jordanita) globulariae (Hübner, 1793) were found as new for Turkey. The two species of the same genus Rh. (Rh.) pruni and Rh. (Wiegelia) amasina (Herrich-Schӓffer, 1851) were discovered in proximity to each other in different localities of the same Province Tekirdağ.


Introduction
The Thrace Region is the European part of Turkey that covers 3% of the whole territory of the country.It comprises the provinces Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ and some parts of İstanbul and Çanakkale.Turkey, extending from Asia to Europe, is one of the most species-rich countries in the Western Palaearctic (Karaçetin and Welch 2011).A study on the biodiversity of the local lepidopteran fauna can be a useful tool for environment protection.Moths of the family Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) are excellent indicators of environmental conditions (Efetov 2005).A decline in their number in populations is often a consequence of degradation of suitable habitats because of land-use, intensification of agriculture, and climate change (Hofmann and Tremewan 2017).

Materials and methods
The Zygaenidae fauna of the Thrace Region was studied by using attractant traps, by netting specimens in different biotopes in 2016, as well as by the investigation of material collected in previous years and deposited in the collection of Mustafa Kemal University (Antakya, Hatay, Turkey).
The sex attractants had been produced at the Crimean Federal University (Efetov et al. 2014c) and were esters of 2-dodecenoic acid and isomers of 2-butanol: EFETOV-2 (racemic mixture of R-and S-enantiomers) and EFETOV-S-2 (R-enantiomer).The attractiveness of 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate for males of some Procridinae species had been proved earlier in field observations undertaken in the Crimea (Efetov et al. 2016).
For preparing lures, the rubber caps impregnated with the attractants (100 microliters per cap without solvent) were placed in Delta traps containing removable sticky layers.The baits were hung on bushes or trees at a height of 1.0-1.5 m above the ground.In all sites that were prospected we also placed control traps without attractant.The distance between traps was not less than 10 m.
The material that we collected is deposited in the collection of Mustafa Kemal University (Antakya, Hatay, Turkey).All maps are compiled from the BioOffice database of the Tiroler Landesmuseen, Innsbruck, Austria.
List of localities studied in the Thrace Region of Turkey (Fig. 1)   We studied the collection deposited in Mustafa Kemal University to see if more material of Zygaenidae from the Thrace Region could be found.The nineteen specimens that we found were identified and are also included in the list of the Zygaenidae fauna of the Thrace Region.The pin-label data are provided in Table 4.When citing the labels, the symbol '/' denotes the end of a line.In two cases handwritten labels with species' names were corrected after examination.
In addition to the five Procridinae species attracted to pheromone traps, we collected another five species of Procridinae by netting during our fieldwork (Table 2), as well as five species of Zygaeninae (Table 3).

Discussion
Two compounds named as 'EFETOV-S-2' (R-enantiomer of 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate) and 'EFE-TOV-2' (racemic mixture of R-and S-enantiomers of 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate) were used in sticky traps.A. (A.) statices drenowskii was the most numerous attracted species (118 males were caught).This subspecies is distributed from the southern Balkans to the central and southern Turkey (Efetov and Tarmann 1999;Efetov 2001aEfetov , 2004)).The large numbers of specimens caught during our study in different localities (Fig. 3) prove that A. (A.) statices drenowskii is widely distributed and abundant in the region investigated.Moreover, this is the first record of a sex attractant for A. (A.) statices drenowskii.The number of specimens (males) was significantly higher in traps baited with the racemic mixture of (2R)-butyl 2-dodecenoate and (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate than the number in traps baited only with (2R)-butyl 2-dodecenoate.
J. (J.) globulariae is possibly also new for Turkey as the only literature data known so far originates from southern Turkey (Mollet 1995) and is doubtful because the mentioned locality is far away from the distributional range of this species.Old Rebel's (1934) record of 'Procris globulariae' for Ankara must be attributed to another species, viz.J. (T.) notata (Zeller, 1847).Besides Turkey J. (J.) globulariae is known from central and northern Spain, Andorra, southern England, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, central and southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, northern and central Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia (European part, Northern Caucasus) (Efetov 2004).

Conclusions
Sixteen Zygaenidae species from two subfamilies Procridinae (10 species) and Zygaeninae (6 species) have been recorded for the Thrace Region.Two species, Rh. (Rh.) pruni and J. (J.) globulariae, have been found for the first time in Turkey.
2-butyl 2-dodecenoate is a new sex attractant for the males of A. (A.) statices drenowskii.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the Thrace Region with studied localities.Moth symbols show sites where Zygaenidae were caught (green: Procridinae; red: Zygaeninae); black dots: sites where Zygaenidae were not found; blue circles: sites where traps with attractants were placed.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Distribution map of Adscita statices drenowskii in the Thrace Region with new data (yellow dots).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Distribution map of Theresimima ampellophaga in the Thrace Region with new data (yellow dots).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Distribution map of Rhagades amasina (blue) and Rh.pruni (red) in the Thrace Region.New data are marked as squares.

Table 4 .
Zygaenidae species from the Thrace Region in the collection of Mustafa Kemal University (Antakya, Hatay, Turkey) collected before 2016.

Table 2 .
Procridinae species caught in the Thrace Region in 2016.Specimens attracted to EFETOV-2 are marked with one asterisk; specimens attracted to EFETOV-S-2 are marked with two asterisks; specimens collected by net are not marked.

Table 3 .
Zygaeninae species caught in the Thrace Region in 2016.