Notes on some Catoptria Hübner, 1825 (Crambidae, Lepidoptera) from the Central Apennines (Italy), with the descriptions of Catoptria samnitica sp. nov. and the male of Catoptria apenninica Bassi, 2017

Material collected in recent expeditions by staff of the Tiroler Landesmuseen, Innsbruck, allows an update of some high elevation Catoptria of the Central Italian Apennines. Catoptria samnitica sp. nov. and the male of Catoptria apenninica Bassi are described from morphology and DNA barcodes, and adults and genitalia are illustrated. Both species are considered as regional endemics of the Central Apennines.


Introduction
Catoptria Hübner, 1825 is a large Holarctic genus of Crambinae with 85 described species, of which 81 are Palearctic, two Holarctic and two Nearctic (Nuss et al. 2020). The C. permutatella species group sensu Błeszyński (1957) and Bassi (2017) is one of the largest of the genus, with 27 known species, including the Nearctic C. latiradiellus (Walker, 1863). It has a strong tendency to small-scaled, regional endemism in montane and subalpine environments. Italy is a diversity hotspot for the species group in Europe, with 10 known species, of which four are endemic to parts of the country: C. apenninica Bassi, 2017 (Central Apennines), C. orobiella Huemer & Tarmann, 1993 (southern Central Alps), C. spatulellus (Turati, 1919) (Northern Apennines), and C. spatulelloides Błeszyński, 1965 (Southern Apennines). Intensive fieldwork carried out in 2010 and 2011 in Abruzzo and Lazio by Peter Huemer and Toni Mayr resulted in the collection of a series of Catoptria specimens, including a new species and both sexes of Catoptria apenninica, for which the male was previously unknown.
were enhanced with Adobe Photoshop Elements. The length of the labial palpus is compared to the maximum diameter of the composite eye in side view.
DNA samples (dried legs) were prepared according to prescribed standards and submitted to the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding (CCDB, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph) to obtain DNA barcodes, and using the standard high-throughput protocol described by deWaard et al. (2008). Sequences were submitted to GenBank, further details including complete voucher data and images can be accessed in the public dataset "DS-CATOITAL" https://www.doi. org/10.5883/DS-CATOITAL in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD; Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007). Degrees of intra-and interspecific variation of DNA barcode fragments were calculated under the Kimura 2 parameter model of nucleotide substitution using analytical tools of BOLD systems v. 4.0. (http:// www.boldsystems.org). A Neighbor-Joining tree of DNA barcode data of Italian taxa, with the exception of the currently not sequenced C. orobiella, was constructed using MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013) under the Kimura 2 parameter model for nucleotide substitutions.
Identification success was furthermore assessed by the Barcode Index Number (BIN) system as implemented on BOLD . This system employs a two-stage algorithm that groups all sequences > 500 bp that meet defined quality criteria into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and automatically assigns new sequences to BINs, irrespective of their previous taxonomy and origin. Similarities or differences between BINs and morphological species identification were assessed. Etymology. The species name is derived from the ancient Latin region established by Rome's Emperor Augustus, the Regio IV, dubbed Samnium, which included Mt. Gran Sasso.
phallus being more strongly sclerotized distally. In the female genitalia (Figs 19-21), both the large shape of the lamella antevaginalis of the sterigma and abdominal sternite VIII distinguish the new species from C. spatulellus . Catoptria spatulelloides, endemic to the Southern Apennines, is also similar in habitus to C. samnitica, but its genitalia (Bassi 1999 barcodes are shared with C. apenninica, a species with which it cannot be confused based on external morphology. Description (Figs 1, 3). Wingspan: 23-26 mm, the female slightly larger than the male on average. Labial palpi 3 times longer than widest diameter of eye, white, outer edge bronze brown. Maxillary palpi basally bronze brown, then white. Antennae thickened in male, simple in female, grey brown with bright brown costa and first segment partially white. Frons subconical, slightly produced, white. Ocelli and chaetosemata well developed. Head white. Patagia medially white, laterally brown. Tegulae brown. Thorax white. Forewing ground colour grey brown; costa brown with a rather large subapical white dot; longitudinal streak white, distally enlarging and edged dark brown; narrow streak along 1a+2a vein white; terminal line dark brown; fringes white, grey brown at apex in male; female on average paler than male; underside bronze brown in male, bronze brown with costa and dorsum white in female. Hindwing brown with scattered white scales, especially basally at origin of M2-M3; fringes white; underside white suffused with brown, veins brown. Legs with inner edge bright yellow brown and outer edge white; spurs black; pairs of tibial spurs of different length. Abdomen bright yellow brown.
Biology. Host-plant and early stages unknown. The adults were attracted to artificial light during the night in a dry rivulet bed with xeromontane vegetation (Fig. 28).

Catoptria apenninica Bassi, 2017
Catoptria apenninica Bassi, 2017: 55-57 Material examined. 5 males, 1 female, Italia centr.  (Fig. 26). Like the females the males are also smaller (on average 25-26 mm) than those of C. europaeica (on average 28-30 mm). In the forewing the medial band of the longitudinal streak is darker and slightly larger, along the costa the subapical dot is larger and extending closer to the apex, and the fringes are white, tipped brown as opposed to white with medial and apical grey brown bands in C. europaeica. The hind wing is brown as opposed to pale grey brown in C. europaeica. In the male genitalia (Figs 9, 15, 17) the phallus lacks the subapical tooth typical of C. europaeica (Figs 10, 16, 18).
Description of the male (Fig. 5). Wingspan 25 mm. Labial palpi 3 times longer than widest diameter of eye, white, outer edge bronze brown. Maxillary palpi basally bronze brown, then white. Antennae thickened, brown with bronze brown costa and first segment dorsally white. Frons subconical, slightly produced, white. Ocelli and chaetosemata well developed. Head white, bright brown around chaetosemata. Patagia medially white, laterally brown. Tegulae brown. Thorax white bordered brown. Forewing ground colour brown; costa brown with large subapical white streak; longitudinal streak white, distally enlarged and edged black brown; medial band distally widening, postmedial band equal in width; narrow streak along 1a+2a vein white; dorsum white basally; terminal line dark brown with four black dots; fringes white, tipped brown; underside bronze brown with costa paler. Hindwing brown; fringes white; underside brown. Legs with inner edge white and outer edge pale bronze brown; claws black; pairs of tibial spurs of different length, the distal smaller than proximal. Abdomen bright brown with anal tuft yellow brown.
Biology. Host-plant and early stages unknown. The holotype was collected in the daytime in cloudy weather conditions, whereas the vast majority of the specimens was attracted to artificial light in a xeromontane habitat (Fig. 29).
Remarks. The female holotype of C. apenninica was collected about 100 km south of the population at Monte Terminillo. The species appears to be an endemic of the Central Italian mountains, with the northern and southern limits of its distribution still to be fully investigated.

Molecular analysis
Forty specimens of the Catoptria permutatella species group from Italy, belonging to nine species, were successfully sequenced (sequence length 559 to 658 bp). Interspecific distances are generally very low in Italian species of the C. permutatella complex, ranging from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 1.74% (mean 0.96%), whereas intraspecific divergence is sometimes much higher, e.g. in C. luctiferella (Hübner, [1813]) with a maximum intraspecific divergence of 2.82% (Table 1, Fig. 27).
Catoptria samnitica shares its DNA barcode with C. apenninica, a species occurring in the same region but different in forewing pattern and in genitalia morphology. Interestingly, a similar situation is found in the congeneric C. pyramidellus (Treitschke, 1832) and C. speculalis (Hübner, 1825) Hebert 2015, 2016). In the face of this partial conflict between morphology and mitochondrial data, inclusion of nuclear data should be investigated in the framework of a larger study on this problem. The phenomenon of barcode sharing is generally rare and reported for closely related species in Lepidoptera (Hausmann et al. 2013;Huemer et al. 2014), and often suspected to reflect taxonomic oversplitting (Mutanen et al. 2016). Similarly, BINs only partially reflect current species concepts with two BIN sharing clusters of 4 and 2 species respectively: C. samnitica, C. apenninica, C. spatulella, C. europaeica, and C. spatulelloides, C. myella. In contrast C. luctiferella splits into two BINs which cluster with C. pyramidellus and need further analysis (Fig. 27).
However, it was already previously documented that DNA barcodes fail to discriminate several morphologically well separated species in the genus Catoptria Hebert 2015, 2016), indicating a possible gene flow between different taxa, and these conclusions are supported by our current study.