Enantiomers of 2-butyl 7 Z-dodecenoate are sex attractants for males of Adscita mannii ( Lederer , 1853 ) , A . geryon ( Hübner , 1813 ) , and Jordanita notata ( Zeller , 1847 ) ( Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae , Procridinae ) in Italy

The Rand S-enantiomers of 2-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate (alone or in mixtures), recently identified in the natural extracts of Illiberis rotundata pheromone glands, were used as lures in sticky traps to study the occurrence of Procridinae species in Italy in 14 localities during 2010 and 2011. Three species were attracted during the study – Adscita mannii (Lederer, 1853), A. geryon (Hübner, 1813), and Jordanita notata (Zeller, 1847). The most numerous species was A. mannii. Lures with (2S)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate attracted males of Adscita mannii and A. geryon, while those containing (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate attracted males of Jordanita notata.


Materials and methods
The pheromone compounds were synthesized at the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hamburg University, and pheromone baits and traps were prepared at the Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.For pheromone baits we used penicillin vial caps of grey rubber on which the synthetic pheromone compounds were applied as hexane solutions.After evaporation of the solvent, the caps were wrapped in aluminium foil and kept in a refrigerator at 5 °C until ready for use.In most cases, sticky Delta traps were used.The removable sticky layers were covered with Tanglefoot ® insect glue.In addition to the sticky traps we also used commercially available traps (plastic cylinders) for obtaining living material.Moreover, in some localities we also collected attracted specimens by netting them.
Traps baited with the synthetic Procridinae sex pheromone compounds R-7-12 and S-7-12 alone and in mixtures were placed and inspected in the field in 14 habitats located from northern Italy (Alps) to the southern part of the country (Calabria) during the periods 9. vi-18.vi.2010 and 28.vi-8.vii.2011.During these two periods the first two authors travelled from the Alps to southern Italy and placed traps in position during the southwards trip and checked them on the return trip northwards (Efetov et al. 2012).
When all three variants of the attractant were present in the habitat (S-7-12, R-7-12 and their mixture), A. mannii came mainly to S-7-12 (up to 38 males were attracted to one trap over a period of three days at Roccarossa).When we had only R-7-12 and the mixture of R-7-12 and S-7-12, some specimens were also in traps containing the mixture.Furthermore, in Monte Pollino (2010) and Loiano (2011) where A. mannii was abundant and where we placed only one trap baited with R-7-12, we found one and five males respectively in the traps (Table 3).  the presence of S-7-12 completely cancelled the attractiveness of R-7-12.This means that S-7-12 is an inhibitor of R-7-12 for Z. taftana.The genus Zygaenoprocris is represented by four subgenera (Efetov 2001a;2001b).It looks as though the same situation as found in Molletia is present in two species of another subgenus, viz.Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900.During an expedition to Afghanistan in July 2011 A. Hofmann attracted Zygaenoprocris (Zygaenoprocris) eberti (Alberti, 1968) and Z. (Z.) chalcochlora Hampson, 1900, to R-7-12 and a mixture of R-7-12+R-9-14 (Subchev 2014;Efetov, Hofmann and Tarmann 2014).
It seems that the same attractants can be active for different species of the subgenus, but the attractiveness for different species can depend on the ratio of the components in the mixture.For example, the subgenus Primilliberis Alberti, 1954, of the genus Illiberis Walker, 1854, includes four species (Efetov 1997;Efetov and Tarmann 2012), and in two of them, viz.I. (P.) rotundata and I. (P.) pruni, the males were attracted by different ratios of R-7-12 and R-9-14 (Subchev et al. 2012;2013).It is possible that a similar situation can be present in Adscita (Adscita), Adscita (Tarmannita) and Jordanita (Tremewania).The confirmation of this needs further investigations.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution of Jordanita notata in Italy (blue dots) and studied localities with attracted specimens (red dots).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Distribution of Adscita geryon in Italy (blue dots) and studied localities with attracted specimens (red dots).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Distribution of Adscita mannii in Italy (blue dots) and studied localities with attracted specimens (red dots).