Antispilina ludwigi, immature stages. 18, 19. Details of slide mounted caterpillar, probably 4th instar, Poland, RMNH.INS.12423; scale bars 100 µm. 20. Caterpillar, final feeding instar (4th) in opened mine, Switzerland, St-Imier, 2.viii.2017. 21. Non feeding instar (5th) from opened shield, Switzerland, Saignelégier, 5.ii.2018. 22. Caterpillar walking with shield, Switzerland, St-Imier, 3.viii.2017. 23. Pupa in opened cocoon, Switzerland, Saignelégier, 4.v.2018. Photographs E.J. van Nieukerken (18, 19), R. Bryner.

 
 
  Part of: van Nieukerken EJ, Wullaert S, Lee B-W, Bryner R (2021) Antispilina ludwigi Hering, 1941 (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae) a rare but overlooked European leaf miner of Bistorta officinalis (Polygonaceae): new records, redescription, biology and conservation. Nota Lepidopterologica 44: 99-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.44.63848