Stigmella naturnella, occupied leafmines, seen from above, with dark field illumination; all from The Netherlands 18, 19, 22. Wekerom, De Valouwe, 16 Sep. 2020, Betula pendula, EvN no 2020062-1; 20. Goirle, Gorp en Roovert, 30 Sep. 2020, B. pendula, EvN no 2020083-1; 21. Soest, Korte Duinen, 23 Aug. 2021, B. pubescens, EvN no 2021121. Scale bars: 5 mm (all but 21 on same scale), arrows point at egg position (upper- or underside of leaf).

 
 
  Part of: van Nieukerken EJ (2023) Stigmella naturnella (Klimesch, 1936) (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) a fast-spreading European leafminer of Betula, with a revised key to linear leafmines on Betula. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 37-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.99360