Externally, Carriola is recognized by the beige-green ground colour of the wings and the unique pattern of hyaline windows, the largest of which occupy the discal cell and the hyaline satellite spot between it and the apex. In females, the wings are almost entirely transparent, with the exception of the basal and marginal areas, where the scale covering is preserved. A characteristic feature of the Carriola forewing venation is the presence of the R_S1–R_S4 cell (Fig. 2) which not present in the Arctornis species we studied (Fig. 1). The R_S1 vein anastomoses briefly with R_S2-S3. R_S2 and R_S3 is also anastomosed over a third of the length of R_S3 (Fig. 2). The tymbal organs on the third abdominal sternum of the male Carriola are absent (Fig. 4), unlike in Arctornis, where they are pocket-like and well developed (Fig. 3). The male genitalia of Carriola are similar in general structure to those of Arctornis (Fig. 5c), but differ clearly in the absence of the saccular pocket at the base of the valva and the peculiar long and slender harp that emerges from this saccular pocket in Arctornis species (Fig. 5b). Carriola females have a medial oval projection of sternum VII covering the anterior margin of the antrum, whereas in Arctornis females sternum VII is unmodified (Fig. 6). The shape and size of the pseudopapillae differ in Arctornis and Carriola: in Carriola the pseudopapillae of the females are weakly sclerotised, with small setae, elongated and uniformly narrow; in Arctornis the pseudopapillae are broader and gradually narrow towards the apex. The female genitalia are characterised by a reduction of the anterior apophyses, as found in some Arctornis species. The signum in the bursa is large and scobinated, but in contrast to Arctornis it is not elongated but clearly heart-shaped (ecnomoda species group) or triangular with rounded edges (fenestrata species group).

Head. Frons and vertex golden-brown or black (see C. zolotuhini sp. nov.) and covered with dense drooping scales, with small tufts at base of antennae. Eyes large and round. Labial palpi bent obliquely upwards, densely hairy, pale on the underside in the same colour as abdomen, orange above. Male antennae bipectinate with long branches, female antennae similar in structure but less developed. Thorax. Patagia, tegulae and thorax golden-beige in colour and covered with dense hair scales. Legs covered with golden-brown scales for most species of Carriola except C. zolotuhini sp. nov. (see under this species). Tibiae of forelegs densely covered with orange-coloured hair scales. Epiphysis present in males and absent in females. The ‘formula' of the tibial spur is 0–2–4 (Figs 7–9). Forewings (Figs 10–27) triangular, forewing margin/costa in both sexes in a ratio of about 1.2:1. The upper side of forewing of male beige-green in colour, with two hyaline windows. Central window occupies the central cell and covers up to half the length of cells M₂–M₃, M₃–CuA₁, CuA₁–CuA₂, and CuA₂–1+2A, and bordered by clearly visible antemedial and subterminal lines (Fig. 2). Hyaline satellite located between it and apex in Rs₄–M_1, and confined to postmedial and subterminal lines. Chevron-shaped discal spot forming a characteristic triangle with postmedial line. Underside of forewings lighter and less contrasting background, without distinct pattern of bands, hyaline windows lined outwards with brown or black scales.

Hindwings (Figs 10–27) triangular with rounded apex. General outline of pattern, colour, and the way the hyaline windows are arranged repeat the forewing. There are often two hyaline satellite windows, the second of which is located between the veins Sc+R₁–Rs. Hindwings of females with more extensive hyaline areas, which include satellite spots extending over the entire wing from the subbasal to terminal line. Live moths with light green veins and hyaline windows also greenish in colour. However, this pigment is not permanent and changes to yellow in collections. Abdomen. Abdominal segments hairy, comparatively slender, mostly covered with beige scales. Underside with lighter golden tones. Male genitalia (Figs 28–36). Uncus short, broad towards base and supplemented by modified caudal process of tergum VIII – superuncus. Valva elongate, one third to one quarter as wide as long, simple, undivided, without processes or with medial costal process. Juxta U-shaped with distinct lateral lobes. Aedeagus short, half as wide as long, strongly bevelled at its anterior and posterior end. The everted vesica round, without cornuti, covered with very small spines. Female genitalia (Figs 37–44). Posterior margin of sternum VII with medial oval projection covering antrum. Papillae anales weakly sclerotised, broad and rounded. Pseudopapillae membranous, uniformly narrow and covered with small setae. Anterior apophyses reduced. Posterior apophyses slender and as long as lobes of papillae anales. The antrum bowl-shaped, small. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as lobe of papillae anales, strongly narrowed before antrum, and gradually widened before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae rounded, rather short, and as long as ductus. Signum present, as large as a third or half of corpus bursae, generally scobinated and distinctly heart-shaped (ecnomoda species group) or triangular with rounded edges (fenestrata species group).

The differences in the configuration of the valva, and the shape of the signum, indicate a division into two morphological species groups within Carriola. The species of the ecnomoda group have a simple, elongated valva without sclerotised processes, and a heart-shaped signum, while the group of fenestrata species is characterised by the presence of well-sclerotised costal processes in the valva and a rounded, triangular signum in the bursa of the female genitalia.

The flight period is from January to December in lowland and mountain forests. Carriola zolotuhini sp. nov., C. polyakovi sp. nov., C. shorokhovi sp. nov., prefer lowland forests, although the last species also occurs at an elevation of 1140 m.a.s.l.; C. ecnomoda, C. witti sp. nov., C. thyridophora C. seminsula, C. saturnioides, and C. fenestrata occur at elevations of up to 1200–1600 m.a.s.l.

The host plant is only known for C. ecnomoda, whose caterpillars feed on Durio zibethinus (Bombacaceae) according to Holloway (1999).

(Figs 45–53). China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sundaland, the Lesser Sunda Islands and Sulawesi, and the Philippines.

Indonesia Java • 12 ♂, Meru Betiri National Park, 25 km S Kalibaru village 300–500 m, v.–vi.1996; ZSM • 3 ♂, Mt. Ranung, Sempoian, Secondary Rainforest, 08°10'N, 113°40'E, 28.i.1998, leg. Jakl (GU 21.965); ZSM • 4 ♂, Ujung Kulon, N. Park, 6°50'S, 105°35'E, 100 m, viii.1996; ZSM • 1 ♂, Sukanegara, Cianur reg. 7°06'S, 107°07'E, 1050 m, 18.–21.iii.2007 leg. Jakl; ZSM • 9 ♂, 5 ♀, Mt. Baluran, 7°52'S, 114°23'E, 600–1000 m, iv.1995 (GU 26698, 26.699); ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Gunung Argopuro, 15 km SW Bondowoso, 8°04'S, 113°45'E, 7.–13.x.2004 leg. Jakl; ZSM.

Flores Island • 22 ♂, 3 ♀, Nusa Tenggara Timur, 15 km E Labuhanbajo, 200 m, forest, 9.–22.iv.1996, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin (GU 26.703, 27.969, 21.971, 21.616, 25.846); ZSM.

Alor Island • 22 ♂, Nusa Tenggara Timur, 8°16'S, 125°05'E, Moru, 500 m, 1.–8.iii.2006, leg. Jakl (GU 25.847); ZSM • 11 ♂, 8 ♀, the same data, but 22.iii.–03.iv.2006, (GU 27.967); ZSM.

Sumbawa • 5 ♂, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Kempo, 30 km W Dompu, 80 m, forest, 17.–18.iii.1996, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin (GU 26.702); ZSM.

Sumba Island • 1 ♂, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Gunung Mt., 50 m, iii.1997, leg. Andang (GU 25.848); ZSM.

Bali Island • 3 ♂, Central Bali, Bedugul District, Tamblingan lakes, 1250 m, 8°14'S, 115°08'E, iii.2005, leg. Jakl (GU 26.700); ZSM • 1 ♀, 550 m, 8°25'S, 114°58'E, 29.–30.i.1998, leg. Jakl, Schintlmeister & Cervenca; Lombok; ZSM • 14 ♂, Mt. Rinjani, S of Tanjung, 8°26'S, 116°10'E, 700 m, 16.–22.iii.2009, Pusok Hill, leg. St. Jakl (GU 27.966); ZSM • 1 ♂, 350 m, Pusuk Pas, 12.–13.iv.2000, leg. S. Naumann; ZSM.

Pantar Island • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, east coast 350 m Tanah Laband 9.–21.iii.2006, coll. Ströhle, leg. St. Jakl; MSW.

C. ecnomoda differs from related species by the concave margin of the hyaline window CuA₂–1+2A. In most Carriola species the hyaline windows on the underside of the wings are edged by dark scales. In C. ecnomoda this feature is absent or only very indistinct. (Fig. 19b). The female is characterised by the white-green colouration of the wings, which contrasts with the dark olive-coloured background of the other species. The male genitalia are similar to those of C. thyridophora and C. witti sp. nov., but differ by an elongated valve, which is 1.2 times as long as the tegumen and uncus combined, with a characteristic narrow, pointed tip of the valva (Fig. 28a). The aedeagus is shorter and more slender and strongly bevelled at its anterior and posterior ends (Fig. 28b). The female genitalia (Fig. 37) are very similar to those of the ecnomoda species group, but differ from related species in the shape of the signum, which is clearly V-shaped. The lobes of signum are only slightly pronounced and as long as ⅓ of width of the signum.

Figures 1, 2. 

Wing venation. 1. Arctornis l-nigrum (Müller, 1764); 2. Carriola ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907).

The species is associated with Durio zibethinus (Bombacaceae) (Holloway, 1999). Adults have been found from May to November in lowland and mountain forests up to an elevation of 1250 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 45). The distribution of C. ecnomoda is restricted to the Indonesian islands of Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands (Alor, Bali, Flores, Lombok, Pantar, Sumba, Sumbawa).

The species was erroneously recorded for the fauna of Borneo by Holloway (1999) and by Kemal et al. (2019) for the Philippines (Panay).

India: Assam • 27 ♂, Assam, Nambor Forest res., Garampani, 100 m, 26°30'N, 93°55'E, 21.29.xi.1997, leg Siniaev (GU 27.442); ZSM • 1 ♂, Dibru-Saikova Wildlife Sanktuary Assam, 27°35'N, 95°22'E, 20 km N. Tinsukia, 120 m, 1.–5.xii.1997, leg. V.Siniaev, V. S., M. Murzin (GU 27.443); ZSM • 1 ♂, Assam, 27°08'N, 94°00'E, Pan Bari Reserv Forest, 4.–7.vii.1997, leg. Siniaev; ZSM • 2 ♂, Nameri N. Park, 60 km N Tezpur, 27°20'N, 93°15'E, 150 m, 24.vii.–2.viii.1997, leg. Afonin, Siniaev (GU 25.860); ZSM • 2 ♂, Assam, Kaziranga Wild Life res., Pan Bari, 100 m, 26°45'N, 93°10'E, Secondary Forest, 12.–21.xi.1997, leg. Siniaev, Murzin; ZSM.

Figures 3–9. 

Abdominal structure and legs of Arctornis l-nigrum (Müller, 1764) and Carriola ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907). 3, 4. Third abdominal sternum of males; 3. A. l-nigrum; 4. C. ecnomoda; 5. Male genitalia of A. l-nigrum. a. Superuncus (VIII tergum); b. Apparatus; c. Aedeagus; 6. Female genitalia of A. l-nigrum; 7–9. Legs of C. ecnomoda; 7. Foreleg; 8. Mid leg; 9. Hind leg.

Andaman Islands • 16 ♂, Middle Andaman, Tagapure, rainforest, 12°50'72"N, 92°49'29"E, 12.26.xi.2000, leg. J.P.Rudloff (GU 25.858); ZSM • 17 ♂, Tagapure, 3 km, sudl. 12°4889'N, 92°4929'E, 14.16.viii.2001, leg. J.P.Rudloff; ZSM • 1 ♂, Middle Andaman, Mayabander, 20.iii.1998; ZSM • 4 ♂, Middle Andaman, 1.5 km, E Karnatang, 12.5072°N, 92.5610°E, 17.–22.viii.2001, leg. J.P.Rudloff; ZSM • 3 ♂, 1 ♀, South Andaman, Mt. Harriet Nat. Park, near Port Blair, 200 m, 4.–6.iii.1998, leg. V. Siniaev & Kamenev (GU 21.969, 52.859); ZSM • 1 ♂: South Andaman, Mt. Harriet, Port Blair, 11.4321°N, 92.4403°E, 23.–24.viii.2001, leg. J.P.Rudloff; ZSM • 3 ♂, South Andaman, Bambooflat, Rainforest, 11°42'82"N, 92°42'02"E, 27.–28.XI.2000, leg. J.P.Rudloff; ZSM • 8 ♂, North Andaman, 6 km S. Mayabunder, Karnateny Rainforest, 12°50'61"N, 92°56'06"E, 17.–21.xi.2000, leg. J.P.Rudlof; ZSM • 2 ♂: North Andaman, Avis Island, near Souund Il. 8.–9.iii.1998, leg. V. Siniaev & Kamenev (GU 27.426); ZSM.

Laos • 1 ♂, Prov. Vientiane, Ban Viang Kham, 1000 m, 19°21.793'N, 102°25.408'E, 15–16.vii.2009, leg. K. Cerny (GU 28.074); ZSM.

Cambodia • 10 ♂, 1 ♀, Kirirom Nat. Park, 11°19'N, 104°05'E, 650 m, 9.–16.xii.1999, leg. M & S Murzin (GU 28.070, 28.073); ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kirirom Nat. Park, 11°21'N, 104°04'E, 650 m, 2.–17.i.2000, leg. M & S Murzin; ZSM • 7 ♂, 4 ♀, Phnom Bokor Nat. Park, 10°38'N, 104°06'E, 550 m, 25.xi.–6.xii.1999, leg. M & S Murzin (GU 28.071, 28.072); ZSM • 3 ♂, 15 km SE Tuol Kruos, 11°11'N, 104°00'E, 100 m, 20.28.xii.1999, leg. M & S Murzin; ZSM.

Thailand • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Prov. Nakhon Ratchasima, Ban San Chao Po, 720 m, 14°22.544'N, 101°51.891'E, 01.–08.ix.2008, leg. T. Ihle (GU 27.423, 27.424); ZSM • 1 ♂, SE Thailand, Prov. Chanthaburu Suan Pojana, Soi Dao, 300 m, 13°06'N, 102°13'E, 23.x.2005, leg. A. Schintlmeister; ZSM.

Myanmar • 1 ♂, Tenasserim, Maliwun, 500 m, 10°14'N, 98°40'E, x.–xi.1995, leg. Steinke & Lehm (GU 28.076); ZSM • 2 ♀, Birma merid., Tenasserim, 800 m, 20.iv.1995, leg. Steinke; ZSM • 1 ♀, N. Myanmar, Kaung Mu long, 16 km E Putao, 500 m, 27°21'N, 97°34'E, 28.–30.iv.1998, leg. S Murzin & V. Siniaev (GU 27.430); ZSM • 3 ♂, Nan Sa Bon, 25 km E Putao, 800 m, 27°21'N, 97°40'E, 6.–9.v.1998, leg. S Murzin & V. Siniaev (GU 27.429); ZSM • 1 ♂, Nan Sa Bon, 21 km E Putao, 550 m, 27°21'N, 97°37'E, 1.5.v.1998, leg. S Murzin & V. Siniaev (GU 27.440); ZSM.

Malaysia • 2 ♂, Pahang, Genting Paβ - Teeplantage, Haus Barlow, 1000 m, 29.ii.–1.iii.1984 leg. Nässig & Barlow (GU 27.427); ZSM • 1 ♂, Pahang state, Pulau Tioman, Kg. Juara, 7,9–16.III.1995, leg. G. Ronkay (GU 27.964); ZSM • 1 ♂, Selandor, Genting Tee Estate, 650 m, 21.–23.ii.1986, leg. Nässig & Barlow (GU 28.077); ZSM • 1 ♀, Perak, 60 km NNE Taiping, 100 m, 12.xi.1994, leg. Görgner; ZSM • 1 ♂, Fraser Hill, 1500 m, 03.viii.1995, leg. Loh Shi Wui (GU 27.965); ZSM • 1 ♂, Malacca, Tengah Gebirge P. Zibris. V.; MfN.

Indonesia: Sumatra • 4 ♂, North Sumatra, Huta Padang, 310 m, 2°48'N, 99°11'E, 18.x.1990, leg. Dr. E.W. Diehl; ZSM • 3 ♂, Aceh, 30 km E Banda Aceh, 24.iii.1993, leg. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♀, Aceh, Katambe, 1.xii.1980, leg. Diehl; ZSM • 6 ♂, Aceh, Mt. Silaw, 600 m, 84 km E Banda Aceh 5°25'N, 95°40'E, 23.9.iii.1993, leg. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 3 ♂, W. Mt. Sanggul, Landai, 1200–1300 m, 0°00'N, 100°38'E, I-ii.2004, leg. St. Jakl; ZSM • 1 ♂, the same data, but 1250 m, 25 km N of Payakumbuh, v.2004, leg. St. Jakl; ZSM • 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Padang Panjang, Lembah, Anai, 300 m, 0°27'N, 100°23'E, i.2004, leg. St. Jakl; ZSM • 3 ♂, Aceh, 20 km NW Langsa, 4°32'N, 97°45'E, 22.–24.viii.1979, leg. Diehl & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 2 ♂, Huta Padang, 2°49'N, 99°14'E, 1.–4.ix.1991, forest, 500 m, leg. Graul & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 1 ♂, 15 km SW Sindar Raya, 500 m, 3°10'N, 98°58'E, forest, 31.viii.1991, leg. Graul & Schintlmeister (GU 25.854); ZSM • 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Prapat, HW 2, 24.xi.1985, leg. Diehl; ZSM • 2 ♀, Sindar Raya, 3°09'N, 98°57'E, 350 m, 11.–14.viii.1979, leg. Diehl & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 1 ♀, Berastagi, 1600 m, Mt. Sibayak, 3°10'N, 98°30'E, 16.–20.iii.1993, leg. R. Brechlin (GU 25.855); ZSM.

Siberut Island • 1 ♂, ii.1995, leg. Graul & Schaarschmidt (GU 21.967); ZSM • 1 ♂, Labuhan Bajan, 100 m, 0°58'N, 98°56'E, i.2004, leg. St. Jakl; ZSM • 1 ♀, Bojakan, 100 m, iv.2004, leg. St. Jakl; ZSM.

Nias Island • 4 ♂, 1 ♀, 10 km SW Idano Gawo, Flussufer [riverside], 24.vii.1979, leg. Diehl & Schintlmeister (GU 25.856, 25.857); ZSM.

Externally, the males and females of C. thyridophora strongly resemble C. seminsula, with which they can be confused in specimens from Thailand, and C. witti sp. nov. from Borneo. Externally, the male can be distinguished by the concave margin of the hyaline windows between the veins M₂–M₃ (Fig. 11). However, an exhaustive identification can only be made by examining the genitalia. The male genitalia are characterised by a comparatively short and almost regularly trapezoidal valva: the base of the trapezium is in a ratio of 2:1 to the apex, and the width of the valva is in a ratio of 1:2.5 to the base (Fig. 29a). The female genitalia differ from those of related species by the V-shaped signum, which has longer and thinner lobes. The lobes of the signum are well separated and as long as ½ the width of the signum (Fig. 38).

Unknown. The flight period is from January to December in the forests. The species occurs from the lowlands up to an elevation of 1600 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 46). India, Andaman Islands, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Nias and Siberut).

Figures 10–18. 

The wing venation and hyaline window mapping of Carriola species. 10. C. ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907); 11. C. thyridophora (Hampson, [1893]); 12. C. witti sp. nov.; 13. C. seminsula (Strand, 1914); 14. C. saturnioides (Snellen, 1879); 15. C. polyakovi sp. nov.; 16. C. shorokhovi sp. nov.; 17. C. fenestrata (Hampson, [1893]); 18. C. zolotuhini sp. nov.

Holotype : Malaysia: Borneo • 1 ♂; Borneo, Sabah, Trus Madi, 1200 m. 1.–14.iv.2005, leg. Martini (GU 25.852); ZSM.

Paratypes [40 ♂, 28 ♀]: Malaysia: Borneo • 1 ♀; Sabah, Mount Trus Madi, 1200 m. 1.–14.iv.2005, leg. Martini; ZSM • 4 ♂, 4 ♀; Mount Trus Madi Höhe, 1150 m, 9.–14.iv.1996, leg. Martini; ZSM • 2 ♀; Sabah, Mount Trus Madi, 1200 m, III.2004, leg. Martini; ZSM • 8 ♂, 8 ♀; Mount Trus Madi, 1150–1200 m, 1.–7.iv.1997, leg. B. & K. Martini; ZSM • 3 ♂, 2 ♀; Sabah, Mt. Trus Madi, 1150 m, 20.iii.–18.iv.2005, leg. B. & K. Martini.; SSU • 1 ♂, 3 ♀; Sabah, Mt. Trus Madi, bei Apin Apin, 1450 m, iii.1998, leg. B. & C. Martini; ZSM • 1 ♀; Sabah, Mt. Trus Madi, Apin Apin, 950 m, 17.iv.1993, leg. Martini.; (GU 25.853); ZSM • 3 ♂; Kalimantan Selatan, 30 km E. Kandangan, Rainforest, 15 km NE of Loksado, 1100 m, 2°52'N, 115°38'E, 3.–22.ix.1997, leg. Jakl; ZSM • 1 ♂; Tambunan, 5°40'86"N, 116°'22'52"E, 22.vii.2007. A. Pashenkov; ZISP.

Philippines: Palawan Island • 4 ♂; Palawan, E of Tarusan Sandobal, Gangob limestone hill forest, 10 m, 08°27.184'N, 117°28.216'E, 06.xii.2007, leg. JH. Lourens; ZSM • 1 ♂; S. Palawan, Rizal prov. Mantalingajan range Pinagar/Culasian, 50 m, primary forest, 08°51'N, 117°51'E, 3.–4.iii.2006, leg. JH. Lourens; ZSM • 1 ♂; NE. Palawan, foot Mt. Ilian, 70 m, 3 km W of Bagon Bayan, 10°26'N, 119°34'E, 7.iii.2006, leg. JH. Lourens; ZSM • 1 ♀; C. Palawan, E of napsan, prim. for. edge Salacot Falls, 250 m, 09°50'N, 118°37'E, 12.iii.2006, leg. JH. Lourens; ZSM • 4 ♂; Irawan, 50 m, 5.viii.1997; ZSM • 4 ♂, 2 ♀; Nord Palawan, S. Vicente, 20 km NEE Roxas, 10°21'N, 119°10'E, 400 m, 12.–17.i.1988, leg. Cerny & Schintlmeister (GU 26.688); ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Mt. Mantalingahan, 800 m,xii.1997, leg. Bal (GU 26.690); ZSM • 1 ♂; Mt. Mantalingahan, 950 m (Kibyawon) in prim. rainforest 8°46'59,0"N, 117°42'06,7"E 23.–30.v.2001, MV-lamp coll. Ströhle leg. A.&S. Zwick; MSW • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Philippinen, Insel Palawan, Magcasaw, Mainit Brooke's point, 3.–6.x.1996, 900 m, leg. Bal; ZSM 1 ♀; Mt. Salacot Res., 800 m, 9°51'N, 118°38'E 10.–27.ii.2000, leg. Gorbatshev & Siniaev; ZSM • 1 ♂; Calabayong, Bar Tanabag, Tanabag river valley, 200 m, forest. 10.–21xii.1991, leg. Cerny; ZSM.

Tawi-Tawi Island • 2 ♂; Tarawakan, north of Batu Batu, 11.xi.1961 (GU 26.693, 28.078); ZSM.

Externally (Figs 12, 21) C. witti sp. nov. can be confused with C. seminsula and C. thyridophora, and any identification must be confirmed by examination of the genital structures. The male genitalia differ in the shape of the valva. As in C. thyridophora, it is isosceles trapezoidal, but more elongated and pointed. The base of the trapezium is in a ratio of 2.5:1 to the apex and the length of the valva is in a ratio of 3:1 to the base of the valva (Fig. 30a). The female genitalia differ from those of related species by the scobinate heart-shaped signum, which is about one third the size of the bursa and has poorly separated lobes, each as long as ½ the width of the signum.

The female genitalia differ from those of the related species by the scobinate heart-shaped signum, which is as large as a third of the bursa, with poorly separated lobes that are as long as ½ the width of the signum (Fig. 39).

External appearance. Frons and vertex orange and covered with dense, drooping scales, with small tufts at the base of antennae. Eyes large, round. Labial palpi bent obliquely upwards, densely pubescent, on the underside of the same pale olive colour as abdomen, orange above. Patagia, tegulae and thorax golden pale brown. Male forewings (Figs 12, 21): triangular with rounded apex, length of forewing 10.6–15.3 mm (14 mm in holotype). The ratio between the length of forewing margin and the costa is about 1.2:1 in both sexes. Ground colour of upper side beige-green and typically with two hyaline windows (Figs 12, 21a, b). Central hyaline window occupies central cell up to half the length of cells M₂–M₃, M₃–CuA₁, CuA₁–CuA₂, and CuA₂–1+2A and bordered by clearly visible antemedial and subterminal lines. Hyaline satellite oval and located between R_S4–M₁, and bordered by postmedial and subterminal lines. Discal spot forms triangle with postmedial line. Underside of forewing with lighter monotonous background, hyaline windows with black borders (Fig. 21b). Male hindwings (Figs 12, 21): triangular with rounded tip, central hyaline window occupies central part of wing, from ⅓ of area of central cell to the discal veins and to ½ of the area of cells M₂–M₃, M₃–CuA₁, CuA₁–CuA₂ and CuA₂–1+2A. First triangular hyaline satellite window between veins Sc+R₁ and Rs, and second between the veins Rs and M₁ (Fig. 12). Female forewings of olive colour with large hyaline window bordered by clearly visible terminal line (Fig. 21c). Length of forewing 14.5–16.5 mm. Female hindwings triangular with rounded tip. The general outline of pattern, colour and the type of arrangement of hyaline window repeat the forewing. Male genitalia (Figs 30a–c). Superuncus rectangular, slightly divided into two lobes at the apex (Fig. 30c). Uncus (Fig. 30a) looks like a short, apically rounded lobe. Valva trapezoidal, elongate and pointed. Base of the trapezium is in a ratio of 2.5:1 to the apex, the length of valva/width of its base in a ratio of about 3:1. Juxta U-shaped. Aedeagus short, strongly bevelled at its anterior and posterior end (Fig. 30b). Female genitalia (Fig. 39). Papillae anales weakly sclerotised, broad and rounded, pseudopapillae small and narrow, membranous. Posterior apophyses slender and as long as two thirds of lobes of papillae anales. Antrum cup-shaped, small. Ductus bursae membranous, strongly constricted before antrum and gradually widened before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae rounded, rather short and as long as ductus. Signum scobinate heart-shaped, as large as one third of bursa, with the lobes poorly separated and as long as ½ the width of signum.

Figures 19–27. 

Adults of Carriola species. a. Male; b. Underside wings of male; c. Female. 19. C. ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907); a, b. East Java, Mt. Baluran (GU 26.698; ZSM); c. East Java, Mt. Baluran, (GU 26.699; ZSM); 20. C. thyridophora (Hampson, [1893]); a, b. NE India. Assam (GU 27.442; ZSM); c. SW Kampuchea, Kirirom Nat. Park (GU 28.073; ZSM); 21 C. witti sp. nov.; a, b. HT (GU 25.852; ZSM); c. PT (GU 25.853; ZSM); 22. C. seminsula (Strand, 1914); a, b. Sud Vietnam, Bao Loc (GU 27.431; ZSM); c. Nord Vietnam, Mai Chau (GU 27.445; ZSM); 23. C. saturnioides (Snellen, 1879); a, b. N. Sulawesi, (GU 21.966; ZSM); c. Sulawesi, Namo (GU 25.850; ZSM); 24. C. polyakovi sp. nov.; a, b. HT (GU 28.779; ZSM); c. PT (GU 28.780; ZSM); 25. C. shorokhovi sp. nov.; a, b. HT (GU 26.961; ZSM); c. PT (GU 28.784; ZSM); 26. C. fenestrata (Hampson, [1893]); a, b. Vietnam, prov. Thai Nguyen (GU 27.435; ZSM); c. Vietnam, prov. Thai Nguyen, (GU 27.436; ZSM); 27. C. zolotuhini sp. nov.; a, b. HT (GU 28.069; ZSM). Scale bar represents 10 mm, all specimens to scale.

Unknown. Adults were observed from January to December in the forests at elevations up to 1450 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 47). Borneo, and the nearest Philippine Islands of Palawan and Tawi-Tawi.

The species is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Thomas J. Witt, a famous lepidopterist and founder of the Witt Museum in Munich, whose collection fund made this research possible.

Holotype : • ♂; Hong Kong; 6 Nov.; Coll. A. Seitz; prep. № 597; SMF.

China • 10 ♂; Hainan, Wuzhi Shan, 1500 m, 109°43'N, 18°57'E, v.2003 leg. local collectors (GU 692); ZSM.

Vietnam • 11 ♂, Sud Vietnam, Bao Loc, Sec.Wald., Rung Cat Tien, 1500 m, 11°32'N, 107°48'E, 10.20.xii.1992, leg. Sinajev & Simonov (GU 27.431); ZSM • 2 ♂, Nord Vietnam, Farin-Pass, 1600 m, 20 km NW Son-la, 21°22'N, 103°52'E, 11.–13.xi.1994, leg. Sinjaev & Simonov (GU 27.439); ZSM • 1 ♂, Nord Vietnam, Cuc Phuong, 60 km SW Hanoi, 400 m, 20°15'N, 105°20'E, 21.xi.1994, leg. Sinjaev & Simonov; ZSM • 5 ♂, Nord Vietnam, Cuc Phuong, 60 km SW Hanoi, 400 m, 20°15'N, 105°20'E, 18.xi.3.xii.1992, leg. Sinajev & Simonov) ; ZSM • 1 ♂, Bec Thai prov., Quang Chu, 150 m, 27–30.xi.1993, leg. Bankovics Csorbe (GU 27.441); ZSM • 1 ♂, Prov. Nghe An, Distr. Que Phong, Ban Khom, 300–800 m, 19°40'N, 104°50'E, 17.x.–29.xi.1999, leg F. Kassai (GU 27.432); ZSM • 2 ♂, Nord Vietnam, Mai Chau, 25 km S Moc-chau, 1400 m, 20°50'N, 104°40'E, 14.–18.xi.1994, leg. V. Sinjaev (GU 27.444); ZSM • 1 ♀, Nord Vietnam, Mai Chau, 40 km S Moc-chau, 1400 m, Urwald, 20°50'N, 104°50'E, 7.–15.iv.1995, leg. V. Sinjaev (GU 27.445); ZSM • 1 ♂, Nord Vietnam, Mt. Fan-si-pan, Cha pa, 22°15'N, 103°46'E, 8.–29.v.1993, leg. Sinjaev & Simonov; ZSM • 1 ♂, Quang Tri prov., Da Kong Nature Reserve, near HQ, 16°36'N, 106°52'E, 170 m, 18.x.2007, leg. G. Csorba; ZSM • 1 ♂, Ben En Nat. Park, 200 m, 40 km SW Than Noa, 18°40'N, 105°40'E, 22–30.xi.1994, leg. Sinjaev & Simonov; ZSM • 1 ♂, Mai-chau, 25 km, SE Mut-chau, 1400 m, 20°50'N, 104°40'E 14.–18.xi.1994, leg. unknown; ZSM.

Thailand • 1 ♂, Changwat Nan, 25 km N Bo Luang, 1150 m, 29.iii.1998, leg. T. Csovari & P. Steger (GU 28.081); ZSM • 1 ♂, the same data, but 11.xi.1999, leg. M. Hreblay (GU 26.650); ZSM.

The male of C. seminsula can be recognised externally by the oval, elongated hyaline satellite between R_S4–M₁ (Figs 13, 22). The ratio of length to width of the satellite is at least 2:1. The adults are the smallest of the genus Carriola. The length of the male forewings is 9.5–15.5 mm, that of the female forewings 11.5–16.5 mm. The male genitalia (Fig. 31) are characterised by a comparatively short, rectangular valva, which tapers slightly from the base to the rounded and serrated apex. The width of the basal part of the valva is in a ratio of 1:2.5 to the length. The female genitalia differ from those of related species in the size of the signum, which is about two thirds the size of the bursa and forms a distinct V-shape. The lateral lobes of the signum are gently curved outwards and have a constant width. In the centre, the signum is twice as thick as the width of the lobes (Fig. 40).

Figures 28–36. 

Male genitalia of Carriola species. a. Genitalia; b. Aedeagus with everted vesica; c. Superuncus (VIII tergum). 28. C. ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907) (GU 26.698; ZSM); 29. C. thyridophora (Hampson, [1893]) (GU 27.442; ZSM); 30. C. witti sp. nov. HT (GU 25.852; ZSM); 31. C. seminsula (Strand, 1914): HT (prep. № 597; SMF); 32. C. saturnioides (Snellen, 1879) (GU 21.966; ZSM); 33. C. polyakovi sp. nov. HT (GU 28.779; ZSM); 34. C. shorokhovi sp. nov. HT (GU 26.961; ZSM); 35. C. fenestrata (Hampson, [1893]) (GU 27.435; ZSM); 36. C. zolotuhini sp. nov. HT (GU 28.069; ZSM). Scale bar represents 1 mm, all genitalia to scale.

Unknown. The flight period is from March to December. The species occurs at elevations ranging from 170 to 1600 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 48). China (including Hong Kong), Vietnam, Thailand.

Indonesia: Sulawesi • 7 ♂, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia, Bantimurung, 40 km NNE Ujung Padang, 4°56'S, 119°39'E, Talkessel, 200 m, leg. A. Schintlmeister 2.–9.v.1984; ZSM • 9 ♂, 1 ♀, Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia, Bergpass-Südhang, 250 m, Urwald auf Kalk, leg. A. Schintlmeister 6.–7.v.1984 (GU 25.849); ZSM • 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Sulawesi, Selatan, Puncak, Palopo, 900–1300 m, 3°00'S; 120°10'E, iii.1997, ex coll. Dr. Ronald Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♀, the same data, but iv.1998, 900–1000 m, ex coll. Dr. Ronald Brechlin; ZSM • 2 ♂, 1 ♀, the same data, 2°55'S, 120°05'E, i.1997, 900–1300 m, leg. local collector; ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data, but ix.1997 leg. Einh. Sammer; ZSM • 1 ♂, Puncak, 27 km W Palopo, 10–19.v.1984, 2°59'S, 120°00'E, Bergwald, 1000–1200 m, leg. A. Schintlmeister; ZSM • 2 ♂; Z. Sulawesi, Kulawi, 1°26'S, 120°00'E, 78.ii.1995, 1000 m, leg. Sinjaev & Tarasov; ZSM • 1 ♂, N. Sulawesi, Nr. Tondano, Mt. Makaweiben, 1000 m, xii.1988 (GU 21.966); ZSM • 3 ♂, 3 ♀, C. Sulawesi, Namo, 650 m, 21–22.ix.1995, Straβe Palu-Gimpu, leg St. Naumann (GU 25.850); ZSM.

Peleng Island • 8 ♂, 2 km W Sambuit, 150 m, vii.1998, leg. local collector (GU 25.851); ZSM.

Externally, the male of C. saturnioides is distinguished by the absence of the hyaline satellite spot R_s–M₁ on the hindwing (Figs 14, 23a). The underside of the forewing has a pale, monotonous background without a pronounced banding pattern. The black border around the hyaline windows is also very faint or absent (Fig. 23b). The adults are the largest of the genus Carriola. The length of the male forewing is 15–25.5 mm, that of the female forewing 18–30.2 mm. The male genitalia (Fig. 32) are characterised by the conical superuncus (Fig. 23c) and the rhomboid shape of the valva, which is widened in the medial part and narrows strongly towards the curved crochet tip of the valva. The width of the basal part of the valva is in a ratio of 1:2.5 to the length (Fig. 32a). The female genitalia are characterised by the narrow ductus bursae and the clearly regular triangular shape of the signum. In the centre, the signum is 2.5 times as thick as the width of the lobes (Fig. 41).

Unknown. The flight period is from February to December. The species has been collected in forests at elevations of up to 1300 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 49). Indonesia (Sulawesi, and Peleng Island off the east coast of Sulawesi).

Holotype. Philippines: Luzon Island • 1 ♂ Philippines, N.Luzon, 5 km S of Adams 350 m 6+7 Apr[il]. 2008, 18°31.338'N, 120°55.690'E (GU 28.779); ZSM.

Paratypes [71 ♂, 27 ♀]: Philippines: Luzon Island • 1 ♀; Philippinae Zentral Luzon, Prov. Rizal Pilla ca. 200 m Januar [i].1988 D. Schintlmeister (GU 28.780); ZSM • 1 ♂; C. Luzon, Kalinga, 2 km E of Supau, 480 m, Acacia escarpment, 7.ii.2007, 17°23.166'N, 121°11.252'E, leg. JH Lourens; ZSM • 1 ♂; E. Luzon, Aurora, prov. Sierra Madre, 14 km S of Dilalongan, Dapalan river, 50 m, 11–12.iii.2008, 16°02.709'N, 121°42.667'E, leg. JH. Lourens & K. Knoblich; ZSM • 1 ♂; E. Luzon, Isabela, prov. Sierra Madre, 550 m, Dinapique, 17 km NW Dibulo, 21–22.ix. 2006. 16°32'N, 122°14'E, leg. JH. Lourens; ZSM. • 3 ♂; Z. Luzon, Quezon, Quezon forest Nat. Park, 250 m, 14°01'N, 122°11'E, Primärurwald, 8–10.x.1988, leg. Cerny & Schintlmeister (GU 26.684); ZSM • 2 ♂; Luzon, Quezon, Tanawan, 14 km S Real, 14°34'N, 121°33'E, 600 m, 23.i.1988, leg. Cerny & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 1 ♂; Luzon, Quezon, Lucena, 17.iii.5005, leg. JH Lourens (GU 28.079); ZSM • 1 ♀; Z. Luzon, Rizal prov., 45 km SEE Manila, 300 m, 14°28'N, 121°19'E, 24.i.1988, leg Cerny & Schintlmeister (GU 26.685); ZSM • 1 ♀; Z. Luzon, Rizal prov., Pilla ca. 200 m, i.1988, leg. Schintlmeister; ZSM • 1 ♀; Luzon, Nueva Vizcaya, Dalton Paβ, Santa Fe, 800 m, 15°07'N, 120°36'E, Secundarbusch, 21.ix.17.x.1988, leg. Cerny & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 1 ♂; Luzon Benguet, 19–21.xi.97 Adunot-river Unterlauf leg. Mey, Ebert, Nuβ; MfN • 1 ♀; Luzon Zambales Mts, Coto 9–10.xi.98, 150 m leg. Mey & Speidel; MfN • 1 ♀; Luzon Zambales Mts, Coto 6–7.v.99, 250 m, LF leg Mey & Ebert; MfN • 1 ♀; Luzon Bataan, Dinalupihan 11.xi.98, LF leg. Mey & Speidel; MfN • 1 ♀; Luzon Mt. Malinao, Amater 25–26.iii.2000, LF leg. Mey & Ebert; MfN.

Figures 37–44. 

Female genitalia of Carriola species. 37. C. ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907) (GU 26.699; ZSM); 38. C. thyridophora (Hampson, [1893]) (GU 28.073; ZSM); 39. C. witti sp. nov. PT (GU 25.853; ZSM); 40. C. seminsula (Strand, 1914) (GU 27.445; ZSM); 41. C. saturnioides (Snellen, 1879) (GU 25.850; ZSM); 42. C. polyakovi sp. nov. PT (GU 28.780; ZSM); 43. C. shorokhovi sp. nov. PT (GU 28.784; ZSM); 44. C. fenestrata (Hampson, [1893]) (GU 27.436; ZSM). Scale bar represents 1 mm, all genitalia to scale.

Panay Island • 2 ♂; Panay occ., Sibalom, Bontol, sec. forest 50 m, 10.xii.1991, leg. Cerny (GU 21.972 26.694) ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Panay occ., Sibalom, Bontol, 9–10.xii. 1991, Secundarwald, 50 m, leg. Cerny (GU 26.695); ZSM.

Negros Island • 12 ♂, 2 ♀; Negros occ., Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, ix.1997, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 7 ♂, 2 ♀; Negros Occidental, Mt. Kanlaon, W Route via mambucal, 600–800 m, ii.1998, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 3 ♂, 3 ♀; Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W. Route via Mambucal, viii.1998, 10°22'N, 123°12'E, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin (GU 26.697); ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W. Route via Mambucal, x.1998, 10°22'N, 123°12'E, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin (GU 26.681); ZSM • 5 ♂, 2 ♀; Negros occ, Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-Route via Mambucal, 600 m, x.1996, prim. forest, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin (GU 26.681); ZSM • 3 ♂, 4 ♀; Negros occ., Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-Route via Mambucal, iii.1997, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 3 ♂; Negros occ., Mt. Kanlaon, 1010 m, W- route via Mambucal, 3.–18.viii.1996, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 2 ♂; Negros, prov. Negros occ., 600 m, Mt. Kanlaon, W-route via Mambucal, 19.vii.1997, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; SSU • 2 ♂; Negros, prov. Negros occ., Mt. Canlaon, 800 m, W-route via Mambucal, ix.1998, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 2 ♂; Negros Occidental, Mt. Kanlaon, Prim. forest, 600–800 m, W-Route via Mambucal, vi.1998, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂, 2 ♀; Negros, prov. Negros Occidental, Mt. Kanlaon, 600 m, W-Route via Mambucal, x.1997, Prim. forest, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros, prov. Negros Occidental, Mt. Kanlaon, 600–800 m, W-Route via Mambucal, i.1998, Prim. forest, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 7 ♂; Negros, prov. Negros occ., Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, vi.1997, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros, prov. Negros occ., Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, v.1997, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros, prov. Negros occ., Mt. Kanlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, vii.1997, Primärwald, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros Occidental, Mt. Kanlaon, W-route via Mambucal, 600–800 m, ii.1998, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, vii.1997, 10°22'N, 123°12'E, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, ii.1997, 10°22'N, 123°12'E, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♀; Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 600 m, W-route via Mambucal, xii.1996, 10°22'N, 123°12'E, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM • 1 ♀; S. Negros, Mt. Talinis, 1200 m, iii.1998, leg. Bal; ZSM • 1 ♂; Negros Mt. Canlaon ix-x.1990 leg. Garzon; MfN • 1 ♀; Philippinen / Negros (Prov. Negros Occidental), Mt. Kanlaon, 600–880 m W-Route via Mambucal, ix/1997; Prim forest ex. coll. Dr. Ron Brechlin; MSW.

Samar Island • 1 ♂; Isl. Samar, x.2005, Mt. Capoto, 600 m (GU 28.080); ZSM • 1 ♂; W/E Samar, 8 km SE of Bagacay, prim. forest road, 200 m, 11°47'N, 125°15'E, 21.–22.x.2009, leg. JH Lourens; ZSM.

Externally (Figs 15, 24) the male of C. polyakovi sp. nov. differs from other Carriola by the presence of a hyaline window at the base of the forewing, which sometimes merges into the central window. The female can only be identified by examination of the genitalia. The male genitalia are characterised by the shape of the valva. It is strongly elongated and tapers from the base to the distal margin, with its tip strongly curved upwards. The tip is rounded and serrated. (Fig. 33). The female genitalia differ from those of related species by the signum, which is as large as ⅓ of the corpus bursae, and distinctly V-shaped with pronounced lateral lobes, which have the same width at the point of closure as along their entire length. The length of lobe is 0.4 times the width of the signum. (Fig. 42).

External appearance. Head. Frons and vertex golden brown, and covered with dense drooping scales, with small tufts at the base of the antennae. Eyes large and round. Labial palpi bent obliquely upwards, densely hairy, pale on the underside and of the same pale olive colour as the abdomen; dorsally golden brown. Forewing (Figs 15, 24) triangular with rounded apex. The ratio between the length of the forewing margin and costa about 1.2:1 in both sexes. Male forewings of beige-green ground colour and typically with three hyaline windows (Figs 15, 24a, b). Length of forewing 12.8–16.8 mm (13.5 mm in holotype). Central window occupied central cell and extended to half of the cells: M₂–M₃, M₃–CuA₁, CuA₁–CuA₂, and CuA₂–1+2A and bordered by clearly visible antemedial and subterminal lines. Basal hyaline window located at wing root and bordered by basal and antemedial lines. Hyaline satellite oval and located between R_S4-M₁ and bordered by postmedial and subterminal lines; discal spot chevron-shaped. Underside of forewing with lighter monotonous background, hyaline windows lined with brown scales (Fig. 24b). Male hindwings (Figs 15, 24a, b) triangular with rounded tip. General outline of pattern, colour and type of arrangement of central hyaline windows repeat the forewing. Two triangular hyaline satellite windows present, one between veins Sc+R₁ and Rs, and the second between veins Rs and M₁ (Fig. 15). Female forewings of olive colour and with large hyaline window bordered by clearly visible terminal line (Fig. 24c). Length of forewing 14–17 mm. Female hindwings triangular with rounded tip. The general outline of pattern, colour and type of arrangement of hyaline window repeat the forewing. Male genitalia (Figs 33a–c). Superuncus rectangular and slightly divided into two lobes at apex (Fig. 33c). Uncus (Fig. 33a) short and rounded. Valva elongated and strongly tapered from base to distal margin, its tip curved upwards, with small teeth at the end. Width of basal part of valva in a ratio of 1:3.5 to length of valva (Fig. 33a). Juxta U-shaped. Aedeagus short, wide as half the length, strongly bevelled at its anterior and posterior end (Fig. 33b). Female genitalia (Fig. 42). Papillae anales weakly sclerotised, broad and rounded, pseudopapillae small and narrow, membranous. Posterior apophyses slender to ⅔ the length of papillae anales. Antrum bowl-shaped, small. Ductus bursae membranous, strongly constricted before antrum and gradually widening before corpus bursae. Signum scobinate, V-shaped, large as ⅓ of the corpus bursa with distinct elongate, outwardly curved lateral lobes as long as 0.4 times as wide as the signum.

Figures 45–53. 

Distribution maps of Carriola species. 45. C. ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907); 46. C. thyridophora (Hampson, [1893]); 47. C. witti sp. nov.; 48. C. seminsula (Strand, 1914); 49. C. saturnioides (Snellen, 1879); 50. C. polyakovi sp. nov.; 51. C. shorokhovi sp. nov.; 52. C. fenestrata (Hampson, [1893]); 53. C. zolotuhini sp. nov.

Unknown. The flight period is from January to December. The species has been collected at elevations ranging from 50 to 800 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 50). Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Negros and Samar).

The species is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Viktor P. Polyakov (Samara Province, Russia), an outstanding cardiovascular surgeon, a scientist in the field of cardiology and an organiser of the regional school for training in cardiovascular surgery, which is based on the Samara Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary named after V.P. Polyakov and the Samara State Medical University.

Holotype : Philippines: Mindanao Island • 1 ♂ Philippinen, Mindanao Island. Nord prov. Missamis, Secundarveget, 300 m, Melasag Mt., 10.–22.ii.1996, leg. S. Gundorov (GU 26.961); ZSM.

Paratypes [25 ♂, 7 ♀]: Philippines: Mindanao Island • 3 ♂, 1 ♀; Mindanao Island. Nord prov. Missamis, Secundarveget, 300 m, Melasag Mt., 10.–22.ii.1996, leg. S. Gundorov (GU 26.962); ZSM • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Mindanao, Prov. Bucudno, 40 km NW Maramag, Dalongdon, Talakag, Urwaldrang, 800 m, 07°53'N, 123°54'E, 31.xii.1991–02.i.1992 leg. K. Cerny; SSU • 1 ♂; Mindanao, Bucudnon, 15 km NW Maramag, Mt. Bagongsilang, Mt. Kalatungan, 1250 m, 29.xii.1991 Secundarwald, leg. K. Cerny; ZSM • 1 ♂; SE Mindanao, Davao Oriental Aliwagwag Primary forest, 90 m, 07°43.667'N, 126°17.304'E, 30.iii.–01.vi.2008, leg. JH Lourens; ZSM • 1 ♀; Mindanao, Suriago, del Sur, Lianga, 8 km W of Diatagon, 08°42'N, 126°05'E, 200 m, 37.vii.2005, leg. JH Lourens (GU 28.784); ZSM • 1 ♀; Mindanao, N. Misamis prov., Malasag Mt., 300 m, 10–27.ii.1996, leg. S. Gundorov; ZSM.

Mindoro Island • 11 ♂, 2 ♀; Mindoro sept. Mt. Malasembo, Puerto Galero, Halcon Mts., viii.1998, leg. Herman coll. Brechlin (GU 26.686, 26.687); ZSM • 1 ♂; Mindoro Occid. bei S. Jose, 12°15'N, 121°02'E, Secundarveg., 31.i.–1.ii.1988, leg. Cerny & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 3 ♂; Mindoro Occid. 20 km NE Sablayan, Amnay, 13°00'N, 120°55'E, Urwaldrand, Sec. and Secundarvegetat, 150 m, 27.i.1988, leg. Cerny & Schintlmeister; ZSM • 3 ♂; Mindoro, Mt. Malasembo, Puerto Gallero, viii.1998, ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM.

Leyte Island • 1 ♀; Insel Leyte, 1140 m, Mt. Boloc, 10 km, E of Mahaplag, June [vi].1997, leg. Bal ex coll. Dr. R. Brechlin; ZSM.

Externally (Figs 16, 25) C. shorokhovi sp. nov. can be confused with C. thyridophora, C. witti and C. seminsula, and identification can only be made by examining the genital structures. The male genitalia differ in the shape of the valva. In C. shorokhovi sp. nov., the valva is elongated and pointed from the base to the distal margin as in C. polyakovi, but its tip is not curved upwards (Fig. 34). The signum is present, scobinate V-shaped and as large as three quarters of the bursa. The lobes of the signum are thickened and poorly separated and as long as 0.4 times as wide as the signum (Fig. 43).

External appearance. Head. Frons and vertex golden brown, and covered with dense drooping scales, with small tufts at the base of the antennae. Eyes large and round. Labial palpi bent obliquely upwards, densely hairy and golden brown and pale olive coloured on the underside. Male antennae bipectinate with long branches, female antennae similar in structure but less developed. Forewing (Figs 16, 25a b) triangular with a ratio of margin to costa of about 1.2:1 in both sexes, tip of forewing rounded. Male forewings with beige-green ground colour and typically with two hyaline windows. Length of forewing 12.5–16.5 mm (13.5 mm in holotype). The central window occupies the central cell and covers up to half the length of cells between M₂–M₃, M₃–CuA₁, CuA₁–CuA₂, and CuA₂–1+2A, and bordered by antemedial and subterminal lines. Hyaline satellite oval and located between R_S4 and M_1, veins and bordered by postmedial and subterminal lines; discal spot chevron-shaped. Underside of forewings with lighter, monotonous background, without pronounced banding pattern, but with distinct brown border around hyaline windows (Fig. 25b). Male hindwings (Figs 15, 24a, b) with arrangement of central hyaline window repeating pattern of forewing. Length of forewing 14.5–17 mm. Two triangular hyaline satellite windows present, one between veins Sc+R₁ and Rs and the second between veins Rs and M₁ (Fig. 15). Female forewings olive coloured with large hyaline window bordered by clearly visible terminal line (Fig. 25c). Female hindwings with general outline of pattern colour, and type of arrangement of hyaline window repeated forewing. Male genitalia (Figs 34a–c). Superuncus subrectangular and slightly divided into two lobes at apex (Fig. 34c). Uncus (Fig. 34a) with broad base, gradually tapering towards apex. Valva straight, elongate and tapering from base to distal margin, rounded and toothed at apex. Width of basal part of valva in a ratio of 1:3.5 to the length of valva (Fig. 34a). Juxta U-shaped, rectangular, ratio length to width 1:1.5. Aedeagus short, wide as half the length, strongly bevelled at anterior and posterior end (Fig. 34b). Female genitalia (Fig. 43). Papillae anales weakly sclerotised, broad and rounded, pseudopapillae small, narrow and clearly separated. Posterior apophyses slender to ⅔ the length of lobes of papillae anales. Antrum cup-shaped, small. Ductus bursae membranous, strongly constricted before antrum, and gradually widened before entrance to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae rounded, rather short and as long as ductus bursae. Signum, scobinated, V-shaped, as large as three quarters of bursa. Lobes of signum thickened, weakly separated, as long as 0.4 times as width of signum.

Unknown. The adults are common all year round and can be found in wooded lowlands up to 1140 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 51). Philippines (Mindanao, Mindoro and Leyte).

This species is named after Prof. Sergey E. Shorokhov (Samara Province, Russia), a leading cardiovascular surgeon in the Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery and Cardiorheumatology at the Samara Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary, who has assembled a team of professional colleagues who save children's lives every day.

Nepal • 1 ♀, Teral, Dharan, sal & secondary, forest, 330 m, 15.xi.1983, leg. M.G. Allen (GU 27.420); ZSM.

India • 4 ♂, 1 ♀, Assam, Nambor Forest res., Garampani, 100 m, 26°30'N, 93°55'E, 21–29.xi.1997. leg. Siniaev (GU 25.861 and 25.862); ZSM • 2 ♂, Assam, Nameri N.Park, Tezpur, 60 km 27°20'N, 93°15'E, 150 m, 24.vii.–02.viii.1997, leg. Afonin & Siniaev; ZSM • 2 ♂, W. Megalaya, Urman 33 km N Shillong, 25°45'N, 91°53'E, 23–24.xii.1997, leg. Siniaev & Murzin (GU 25.863); ZSM • 1 ♂, Sikkim, Pemayangtse, 2000 m, 28–31.vii.1989, leg. W. Thomas; ZSM • 1 ♀, Tamil Nadu, 900 m, 11°23'N, 78°55'E, 16.iv.1997 leg. Schintlmeister & Siniaev; all ZSM.

Sri-Lanka • 1 ♂, Westprovinz, 97 km E Colombo, Kitulgala am Kelami Ganga, 150–400 m, 2430.i.1988, leg. deFreina; ZSM; 1 ♀, Ceylon (GU 118); NHMW.

China • 2 ♂, China, SW Yunnan, Xishuanbanna, 50 km N of Jinghong, Guanping, 1000 m, 22°10'N, 101°E 19–27.i.2003, leg. S. Murzin (GU 27.438); ZSM.

Vietnam • 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Thai Nguyen, Tan Long, 100 m, 21°42.935N, 105°50.736E, 21.–22.xi.2008, leg. Thomas Ihle (GU 27.435, GU 27.436); ZSM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Cao Bang, Ba Be, Lake NP, 300 m, xii.2008, leg. Thomas Ihle (GU 27.433, GU 27.434); ZSM • 2 ♂, Cuc Phuong, 60 km SW Hanoi, 400 m, 20°15'N, 105°20E, 18.xi.–03.xii.1992, leg. Siniaev & Simonov; ZSM • 1 ♂, Ben Nat. Park, 200 m, 40 km SW Than Hoa, 18°40'N, 105°40E, 22–30.xi.1994, leg. Siniaev & Simonov; ZSM • 1 ♂, Tuan-glao, 21°35'N, 103°25E, 1200 m, 5.–10.xi.1994, leg. Siniaev & Simonov; ZSM • 1 ♀, Mai-chau, 25 km SE moc-chau, 1400 m, 20°50'N, 104°40E, 14.–18.xi.1994, leg. Siniaev & Simonov (GU 27.437); ZSM.

Thailand • 4 ♂, 1 ♀, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ban San Chao, 720 m, 14°22.544N, 101°51.891E, 0108.ix.2008, leg. T. Ihle (GU 27.421, GU 27.422); ZSM • 2 ♂, Chiang mai prov., NW Chiangmai, Doi Suthep, Nature park, Konthatharn Wasserfal, 600 m, 10.iii.1986, leg. Nässig & H.Bänziger; ZSM • 1 ♂, Changwat, Chiang Mai, 6 km, SE of Pang Faen, 1200 m, 20.xii.1998, leg. M. Hreblay, Y. Sherpa, I. Soos; ZSM • 1 ♂, Changwat, Chiang mai, 12 km NW Chiang Dao, 750 m, 12.xi.1998, leg. T. Csovari, L. Mikus; ZSM • 1 ♂, Chiang Mai, prov., Ban Buak Tuey, 1100 m, 01.v.2012, leg. unknown; ZSM • 1 ♂; Changwat, Chiang Mai, 4 km SE of Pang Faen, 1100 m, 27.i.2004, leg. A. Szabo; ZSM • 1 ♂, Chiang Mai, prov., Doi Angkang, 1600 m, 19°54'N, 99°48'E, 10.i.2002, leg. unknown; ZSM • 1 ♂, Changwat Nan, 30 km E of Pua, 1700 m, 10.xi.1999, leg. M. Hreblay; ZSM • 1 ♂, Changwat Phayao, 15 km SE Chiang Muan, 640 m, 26.xi.1998, leg. T. Csovari & L. Mikus; ZSM • 1 ♂, Thailand, Khon, Kaen prov. Si Chom Phu Nat. Park, 16°25.314N, 102°25.269E, 06.xi.2011 leg. unknown; ZSM.

Laos • 1 ♂, Vientiane, Ban Vang Kham, 1000 m, 19°21.793N, 102°25.408E, 15–16.vii.2009, leg. K. Cerny; ZSM.

Malaysia • 1 ♂, West Pahang, Genting Tea Estate, 2000 ft, 13.xii.1976, leg. H.S. Barlow; ZSM • 1 ♂, West Pahang, Genting Tea Estate, 2000 ft, 24.xi.1981, leg. H.S. Barlow (GU 27.428); ZSM • 1 ♂, Malacca, Tengah Gebirge P. Zibris. V.; MfN.

Externally, C. fenestrata can be recognised by the relatively small central hyaline window on the hindwing of both sexes, which is much smaller than in other Carriola and begins in the middle of the wing (Figs 17, 26). The ground colour of wings is also characteristic, with the male having a light brown background (Fig. 26a) and the female being milky white (Fig. 26c). A terminal line on the fore- and hindwings of the female consists of scattered black scales. The underside of the male forewing has a lighter, cloudy background, with a comparatively wide dark brown border around the hyaline windows (Fig. 26b). The male genitalia (Fig. 35) are characterised by the rhomboid shape of the valva, with a two-pointed projection on the sacculus (Fig. 35a). The width of the valva is in a ratio of 1:2.5 to the length. The female genitalia are characterised by the size and shape of the signum, which is as large as ⅓ of the bursa and has a triangular shape with rounded edges (Fig. 44).

Unknown. The flight period is from February to December. The species occurs from the lowlands up to an elevation of 1400 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 52). Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia.

Holotype: Philippines: Mindanao Island • 1 ♂; Philippines, SE Mindanao, Davao Oriental Aliwagwag Primary forest, 90 m, 07°43.667'N, 126°17.304'E, 30.iii.–01.iv.2008, leg. JH Lourens (GU 28.069); ZSM.

Paratypes [4 ♂]: Philippines: Mindanao Island • 1 ♂; Philippines, SE Mindanao, Davao Oriental Aliwagwag Primary forest, 90 m, 07°43.667'N, 126°17.304'E, 30.iii.–01.iv.2008, leg. JH Lourens (GU 28.075); ZSM • 3 ♂; N. Mindanao, N. Misamis prov. Mt. Malasag, 300 m, 8–15.02 [ii].1996, leg. S. Gundorov; ZSM.

Externally, the male of C. zolotuhini sp. nov. is easily distinguished from other Carriola by its dark grey colour and the absence of a hyaline window on the hindwings (Figs 18, 27). The male genitalia differ from those of the related species by the broad superuncus, the width of which is in a ratio of 2:1 to the length (Fig. 36c). The valva is rectangular and has the characteristic folds: a curved saccular fold with a downwardly curved process and a broad costal fold. The width of the basal part of the valva has a ratio of 1:2.4 to the length of the valva (Fig. 36a).

External appearance. Head. Frons and vertex dark grey and covered with dense, drooping scales, with small tufts at the base of antennae. Eyes large, round. Labial palpi obliquely curved upwards, densely hairy, on underside of the same grey colour as abdomen; dorsally dark brown. Male antennae bipectinate with long branches. Male forewings (Figs 18, 27a, b) triangular with pointed tip. Ground colour dark grey, with central hyaline window. Length is 13–13.5 mm (13.2 mm in the holotype). The ratio between the length of forewing margin and costa is 1.2:1. Central hyaline window occupies central cell and covers up to half the length of the cells between veins M₂-M₃, M₃-CuA₁, CuA₁-CuA₂ and CuA₂–1+2A. Hyaline windows covered by sparse black scales, which make them appear blurred and without clear boundaries, and bordered by faintly visible antemedial and subterminal lines of black scales; discal spot chevron-shaped. Underside of forewing with dark grey, monochrome background (Fig. 27b). Male hindwings (Figs 18, 27a, b) same coloured as forewing without hyaline window, costal margin brownish. Male genitalia (Figs 36a, b, c). Superuncus very broad, its width in a ratio of 2:1 to length, slightly divided into two lobes at apex (Fig. 36c). Uncus (Fig. 36a) short, with slightly constricted base and apically rounded. Valva rectangular with sclerotised curved fold originating from base of sacculus and ending in downward curved sclerotised pointed process extending to distal ⅓ of valva. Costal margin of valva with additional broad sclerotised pocket-like fold. The ratio of the width of the basal part of the valva to the length of the valva is approximately 1:2.4. Juxta A-shaped, triangular, ratio length to width as 1.5:1. Aedeagus short, strongly bevelled at its anterior and posterior end. Everted vesica round, without cornuti, covered with very small spinules (Fig. 36b). Female. Unknown.

Unknown. The flight period is from February to April. The species occurs in wooded lowlands up to an elevation of 300 m.a.s.l.

(Fig. 53). Philippines (Mindanao).

This species is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Vadim V. Zolotuhin, a famous lepidopterist, whose kind help and support was always invaluable to the authors.