Research Article |
Corresponding author: Konstantin A. Efetov ( efetov.konst@gmail.com ) Corresponding author: Gerhard M. Tarmann ( g.tarmann@tiroler-landesmuseen.at ) Academic editor: Thomas Fartmann
© 2015 Konstantin A. Efetov, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Teodora B. Toshova, Mitko A. Subchev.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Efetov KA, Tarmann GM, Toshova TB, Subchev MA (2015) Enantiomers of 2-butyl 7Z-dodecenoate are sex attractants for males of Adscita mannii (Lederer, 1853), A. geryon (Hübner, 1813), and Jordanita notata (Zeller, 1847) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) in Italy. Nota Lepidopterologica 38(2): 161-169. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.38.6312
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The R- and S-enantiomers of 2-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate (alone or in mixtures), recently identified in the natural extracts of Illiberis rotundata pheromone glands, were used as lures in sticky traps to study the occurrence of Procridinae species in Italy in 14 localities during 2010 and 2011. Three species were attracted during the study – Adscita mannii (Lederer, 1853), A. geryon (Hübner, 1813), and Jordanita notata (Zeller, 1847). The most numerous species was A. mannii. Lures with (2S)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate attracted males of Adscita mannii and A. geryon, while those containing (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate attracted males of Jordanita notata.
Four pheromone compounds were identified in extracts of female sex pheromone glands of Illiberis (Primilliberis) rotundata Jordan, 1907: (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate [R-7-12], (2S)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate [S-7-12], (2R)-butyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate [R-9-14] and (2S)-butyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate [S-9-14] (
Zygaenidae fauna of Italy is represented by 45 species, of which 14 belong to the subfamily Procridinae (
The pheromone compounds were synthesized at the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hamburg University, and pheromone baits and traps were prepared at the Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. For pheromone baits we used penicillin vial caps of grey rubber on which the synthetic pheromone compounds were applied as hexane solutions. After evaporation of the solvent, the caps were wrapped in aluminium foil and kept in a refrigerator at 5 °C until ready for use. In most cases, sticky Delta traps were used. The removable sticky layers were covered with Tanglefoot® insect glue. In addition to the sticky traps we also used commercially available traps (plastic cylinders) for obtaining living material. Moreover, in some localities we also collected attracted specimens by netting them.
Traps baited with the synthetic Procridinae sex pheromone compounds R-7-12 and S-7-12 alone and in mixtures were placed and inspected in the field in 14 habitats located from northern Italy (Alps) to the southern part of the country (Calabria) during the periods 9.vi–18.vi.2010 and 28.vi–8.vii.2011. During these two periods the first two authors travelled from the Alps to southern Italy and placed traps in position during the southwards trip and checked them on the return trip northwards (
Province L’Aquila, Rocca di Mezzo, 1322 m, traps placed 9.vi.2010, traps inspected 9.vi. and 17.vi.2010.
Province L’Aquila, Sperone, 1212 m, placed 9.vi.2010, inspected 9.vi., 17.vi. and 18.vi.2010.
Province Latina, Lenola, 534 m, placed 10.vi.2010, inspected 10.vi. and 16.vi.2010.
Province Napoli, Monte Faito, 843 m, placed 11.vi.2010, inspected 11.vi.2010.
Province Potenza, Roccarossa, 1370 m, placed 12.vi.2010, inspected 12.vi., 13.vi. and 15.vi.2010.
Province Potenza, Monte Pollino, 1206 m, placed 13.vi.2010, inspected 13.vi., 14.vi. and 15.vi.2010.
Province Cosenza, Lago Ampollino, 1308 m, placed 15.vi.2010, inspected 15.vi.2010.
Province Verona, Monte, 316 m, placed 28.vi.2011, inspected 8.vii.2011.
Province Bologna, Loiano NNW, 248 m, placed 28.vi.2011, inspected 8.vii.2011.
Province Potenza, Roccarossa, 1370 m, placed 30.vi.2011, inspected 3.vii., 4.vii. and 5.vii.2011.
Province Cosenza, Lago Ampollino, 1308 m, placed 30.vi.2011, inspected 1.vii., 2.vii. and 3.vii.2011.
Province Potenza, Lagonegro NE, 1340 m, placed 4.vii.2011, inspected 4.vii. and 5.vii.2011.
Province Chieti, Castiglione Messer Marino N, 873 m, placed 5.vii.2011, inspected 6.vii.2011.
Province L’Aquila, Capistrello (1), 757 m, placed 6.vii.2011, inspected 7.vii.2011.
Province L’Aquila, Capistrello (2), 911 m, placed 6.vii.2011, inspected 7.vii.2011.
Province Roma, Cervara di Roma, 1127 m, locality visited on 7.vii.2011.
Province Roma, Jenne, 936 m, locality visited on 7.vii.2011.
Province Trento (Trentino), Monte Bondone, 967 m, trap placed 9.vii.2011, inspected 9.vii.2011.
Three Procridinae species were attracted to R-7-12 and S-7-12 and their mixtures (Figs
Roccarossa | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
12.vi / 13.vi.2010 | 1 | 0 | – |
13.vi / 15.vi.2010 | 2 | 0 | – |
Sperone | |||
Traps placed / control | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) |
09.vi / 17.vi.2010 | – | 3 | 0 |
Sperone | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
18.vi / 18.vi.2010 | 0 | 1 | – |
Roccarossa | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | S-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) |
30.vi / 03.vii.2011 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Roccarossa | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) |
03.vii / 04.vii.2011 | 1 | – | 0 |
Capistrello (1) | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) |
06.vii / 07.vii.2011 | 1 | – | 0 |
Rocca di Mezzo | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | S-7-12 | – |
09.vi / 09.vi.2010 | 0 | 1 | – |
Sperone | |||
Traps placed / control | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) |
09.vi / 17.vi.2010 | – | 1 | 0 |
Sperone | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
18.vi / 18.vi.2010 | 0 | 2 | – |
Roccarossa | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | S-7-12 |
30.vi / 03.vii.2011 | 0 | 0 | 38 |
Lagonegro | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | S-7-12 |
04.vii / 04.vii.2011 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Castiglione Messer Marino | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | S-7-12 |
05.vii / 06.vii.2011 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
Capistrello (2) | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | S-7-12 |
06.vii / 07.vii.2011 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Roccarossa | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
12.vi / 12.vi.2010 | 1 | 9 | – |
12.vi / 13.vi.2010 | 0 | 1 | – |
13.vi / 15.vi.2010 | 0 | 4 | – |
Monte Pollino | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
13.vi / 13.vi.2010 | 0 | 15 | – |
13.vi / 14.vi.2010 | 0 | 3 | – |
Lenola | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
11.vi / 16.vi.2010 | 1 | 0 | – |
Sperone | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
18.vi / 18.vi.2010 | 0 | 4 | – |
Lago Ampollino | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | – |
15.vi / 15.vi.2010 | 0 | 2 | – |
Roccarossa | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | – |
03.vii / 05.vii.2011 | 0 | 1 | – |
Lago Ampollino | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | – |
30.vi / 01.vii.2011 | 0 | 1 | – |
Capistrello (1) | |||
Traps placed / control | R-7-12 | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | – |
06.vii / 07.vii.2011 | 0 | 3 | – |
Monte Faito | |||
Traps placed / control | – | R-7-12 | S-7-12 |
11.vi / 11.vi.2010 | – | 0 | 4 |
Sperone | |||
Traps placed / control | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) |
09.vi / 09.vi.2010 | – | 1 | 1 |
09.vi / 17.vi.2010 | – | 3 | 1 |
Monte Pollino | |||
Trap placed / control | R-7-12 | – | – |
15.vi / 15.vi.2010 | 1 | – | – |
Loiano | |||
Trap placed / control | R-7-12 | – | – |
28.vi / 08.vii.2011 | 5 | – | – |
Rocca di Mezzo | |||
Trap placed / control | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:0.5) | – |
17.vi / 17.vi.2010 | – | 1 | – |
Lenola | |||
Trap placed / control | – | R-7-12:S-7-12 (1:1) | – |
16.vi / 16.vi.2010 | – | 5 | – |
Roccarossa | |||
Trap placed / control | – | – | S-7-12 |
12.vi / 12.vi.2010 | – | – | 1 |
Monte Bondone | |||
Trap placed / control | – | – | S-7-12 |
09.vii / 09.vii.2011 | – | – | 12 |
When all three variants of the attractant were present in the habitat (S-7-12, R-7-12 and their mixture), A. mannii came mainly to S-7-12 (up to 38 males were attracted to one trap over a period of three days at Roccarossa). When we had only R-7-12 and the mixture of R-7-12 and S-7-12, some specimens were also in traps containing the mixture. Furthermore, in Monte Pollino (2010) and Loiano (2011) where A. mannii was abundant and where we placed only one trap baited with R-7-12, we found one and five males respectively in the traps (Table
A. mannii is distributed from north-eastern Spain and south-western France through the southern parts of central Europe, Italy (including Sicily) and the Balkans to eastern Romania, Greek islands (except Crete), and north-western Turkey. A. geryon is known from the Iberian Peninsula and Great Britain (England, Wales) through most of central and southern Europe to Moldavia, south of European Russia and north-western Turkey. J. notata is distributed in western and central Europe, northern Mediterranean (including Sicily and Crete) to Ukraine, Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, and north-western Iran (
Our results confirm the data obtained earlier in Bulgaria and the Crimea that R-7-12 is an attractant for Jordanita notata, while S-7-12 attracts Adscita geryon and A. mannii (
Jordanita notata belongs to the subgenus Tremewania Efetov & Tarmann, 1999, Adscita geryon to the subgenus Adscita Retzius, 1783, and A. mannii to the subgenus Tarmannita Efetov, 2000 (
It seems that the same attractants can be active for different species of the subgenus, but the attractiveness for different species can depend on the ratio of the components in the mixture. For example, the subgenus Primilliberis Alberti, 1954, of the genus Illiberis Walker, 1854, includes four species (
We thank our friend Dr W. G. Tremewan (Great Britain) for his company and help during our field trips in Italy in 2010 and 2011 and for editing the English text. This research was partially supported by a Grant DO02-244/2008 from the Bulgarian National Scientific Fund.