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  • Article title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
    • The Monarch butterfly and its worldwide expansion
    • Monarch colonisation of the Mediterranean and Macaronesia
    • Monarch hostplants in the Western Palearctic
    • Objectives and rationale
  • Methods
    • Study area: – Mainland Portugal
    • Azores and Madeira
    • Compilation of historical and recent Monarch and hostplant occurrence records
    • Hostplant and Monarch field surveys: – Mainland Portugal
    • Azores and Madeira
  • Results
    • Historical background of the Monarch and hostplants in Portugal
    • Hostplant distribution, abundance and persistence in mainland Portugal
    • Monarch distribution in mainland Portugal
    • Monarchs and hostplants in the Azores and Madeira
  • Discussion
    • Historical and current distribution of the Monarch’s hostplants: – Mainland Portugal
    • Azores and Madeira
    • Hostplant patch persistence
    • Geographic patterns of current Monarch occupancy in mainland Portugal
    • Future research and conservation directions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Supplementary materials
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